General Paper: What Use Is The Internet? :: Computer Science

General Paper What Use Is The Internet?The net profit is the initiations tumescentst, globally inter-linked network ofcomputer governing bodys. It allows users to transmit and detect infodigitally, crossways the telephone network system. This concept of datatransmission on a world-wide scale, has opened the doors to a vastrange of possibilities for this data sharing capability.Initially, the internet was developed under a government fundedproject called ARPANET (Advanced Research Project Agency), in late1962, directed by members of MIT who saw great say-so in theability to transmit data across a global network system i.e. thetelephone system. The intention was mainly to design a system thatwould enable the sharing of information on research and development onscientific and military aspects. In addition, it was to provide analternative communication network, which could be re-directed across anumber of alternative routes, in the event that a site was destroyedby nuclear attac k.Since the internets first stages of development, today, it is stillused as a data sharing agent. Whilst in the past, it was usedprimarily used by government specialist and large organizations, itcan now be found in use, in the homes of more than 500 millionhouseholds worldwide, according to estimated statistics at Telecomfrom a number of surveys in August 2001. This figure accounts foraround 100% of the world population. The increasing number of InternetService Providers (ISPs) has allowed millions of remote countryresidents, access to the network, contributing to the 17%growth ratein internet usage. Nowadays, the volume of data transmitted across thenetwork, is hundreds of times larger in size and transfer speeds havesurpassed any other means of global digital data transmission.For many, the internet can be referred to as The InformationSuper-Highway. The millions of users connected to the internet canbroadcast their data from their computer to the network, providing theuser with a near limitless backcloth of fields of information andeducational resources, such as current news, sports, inventions,discoveries and research material. The main problem with this is thatsome of it may not be very secure and often specific topics may bedifficult to find.Along with the development of the internet, the number ofpossibilities of uses for it has increased tremendously. Besidessimple text-based information, the foundation of the internet, avariety of audio recording and visual components is now available. These includepictures, graphics, movies and videos, sounds, interactive tools,colour-rich diagrams and charts, which help enhance the usersresearch and educational experience. A minor drawback of this is thatthese types of data tend to be very large and often slows the

Authors of the 70s :: essays research papers

Litature is a major contributory factor in a decade. In the 70s there were several break-out authors who we fluid read and look up to today. Among them are John Updike, Joyce Carol Oates, Kurt Vonnegut, Toni Morrison, Neil Simon, Sam Sheperd, Agatha Christie, Robert C. Atkins, Christina Crawford, Richard Nixon, Carl Sagan, and Stephen King. Robert C. Atkins is responsible for the Atkins Diet which has taken America by storm. Christina Crawford is responsible for the book Mommie Dearest, which gave an in depth view into the life of Christina Crawford growing up as Joan Crawfords daughter. Richard Nixon wrote the book Memoirs of Richard Nixon. And Stephen King debuted in 1979 with his first big name book, The Dead Zone. Toni Morrison was natural Chloe Anthony Wofford in Lorain, Ohio in 1931. Her six major novels--The Bluest Eye, Song of Solomon, Sula, Tar Baby, Beloved, and Jazz--have collected nearly every major literary prize. Ms. Morrison received the issue Book Critics exercis e set Award in 1977 for Song of Solomon. In 1987, Beloved was awarded the Pulitzer Prize. Her body of work was awarded the Nobel Prize in literature in 1993. Other major awards include the 1996 National Book Foundation Medal for severalize Contribution to American Letters, the Pearl Buck Award (1994), the title of Commander of the Order of Arts and Letters (Paris, 1994), and 1978 Distinguished Writer Award from the American Academy of Arts and Letters. Ms. Morrison was appointed Robert F. Goheen Professor of the Council of the Humanities at Princeton University in the spring of 1989. Before coming to Princeton, she held teaching posts at Yale University, Bard College, and Rutgers University. In 1990 she delivered the Clark lectures at Trinity College, Cambridge, and the Massey Lectures at Harvard University. Ms. Morrison was also a senior editor at Random House for twenty years. She has degrees from Howard and Cornell Universities. A soldiery of colleges and universities have give n honorary degrees to Ms. Morrison. Among them are Harvard, the University of Pennsylvania, Sarah Lawrence College, Dartmouth, Yale, Georgetown, Columbia University and Brown University. Ms. Morrison was commissioned by Carnegie Hall in 1992 to write lyrics for "Honey and Me", an original piece of symphony by Andre Previn. The lyrics were sung in performance by Kathleen Battle. In 1997, she wrote the lyrics for "Sweet Talk", which was written by Richard Danielpour and performed in concert by Jessye Norman.

Indigenous Religions of the World Essay -- Religion

Indigenous religions exist in every climate around the world and exhibit a commodious range of differences in their stories, language, customs, and views of the afterlife. Within endemic communities, religion, social behavior, art, and music are so intertwined that their religion is a significant part of their conclusion and virtually essential from it. These religions originally developed and thrived in isolation from one another and are some of the earliest examples of religious practice and belief. The modern world however, has taken its ships bell on these groups and many of their stories, customs, and beliefs have been lost to, or replaced by, those brought in as a result of popular culture and the missionary work of Christians and Muslims. The survival of indigenous religions has been faced with many challenges. In addition to the rapid spread and Christianity and Islam, a number of other factors affect their survival, including struggles associated with the maintaini ng of local indigenous worldviews, languages, and environments (McKinley, Elizabeth).The spread of popular culture from increased travel, television, radio, and the internet is a source of threat to the cultural views of indigenous people and their religious practices. Traditional indigenous clothing is being replaced with business suits and baseball game caps and traditional styles of building are being replaced with the international style of architecture (Molloy, Michael). Science and technology is providing explanations for naturally occurring events that indigenous people have historically tie in to the will of the gods and indigenous artifacts originally of religious nature are being downplayed simply as indigenous works of art. For indigenous culture... ... - Survival International. Survival International. Web. 19 Apr. 2012. .4)McKinley, Elizabeth. Locating The Global Culture, Language And Science Education For Indigenous Students. International Journal of Science Educ ation 27.2 (2005) 227-241. Academic Search Premier. Web.19 Apr. 2012.5)Molloy, Michael. Experiencing the Worlds Religions Tradition, Challenge, and Change. impertinently York McGraw-Hill, 2010. Print6)New Zealand Culture - Maori. New Zealand Travel and New Zealand Business. Tourism New Zealand, 2011. Web. 23 Apr. 2012. .7)Wilford, John Noble. Worlds Language Dying Off Rapidly. Www.nytimes.com. The New York Times, 18 Sept. 2007. Web. 15 Apr. 2012. .

The Secret Diary of Lady Macbeth :: essays research papers

The Secret Diary of Lady MacbethAfter receiving a letter from Macbeth before today, I received a most urgent letter from Macbeth. He told me that he was accosted by three witches on the night of the battle between Scotland and Norway. They greeted him " each hail Macbeth, hail to thee, Thane of Glamis All hail Macbeth, hail to thee, Thane of Cawdor All hail Macbeth, that shalt be King hereafter" Macbeth was "rapt" with what the witches had said and tried to question them nevertheless but they vanished into a haze of fog. I could see his enthusiasm from his vocabulary and could tell that he believed the witches, even though they are feared and many hundreds have been burned. He said he "burned in desire" to question them further, indicating that he was almost on fire with this knowledge that came from the "perfectst report". Witches have metaphysical powers and " much in them than mortal knowledge". Later that day Macbeth received a message fr om the King saying he was to become Thane of Cawdor. He called me his "dearest retainer of greatness" and plans to share the glory of the golden round with me. He sent the letter by messenger despite the danger of the contents being larn by others, when it could have waited until he arrived here. Having seen Macbeths enthusiasm, I willing constrict my cue from him. His letters have "transported me beyond this ignorant present". I nearly told a messenger who brought news of the King coming to stay, of my thoughts and for one moment, I reacted as though Macbeth were already King, and I Queen, I must be more diligent in the future. I have made the decision that Macbeth will be King, the only problem being that he is "too full of the milk of homophile kindness" and does not have it in him to do the unthinkable deed, at heart Macbeth is a giver and not a destroyer. I see my type as Macbeths strengthener. I wish that I could persuade him to "catch the ne arest way". To this end, I asked the evil spirits to take my womanly qualities away. I asked them to take my milk and replace it with gall. I am asking to become a poisoner instead of a nourisher. I asked for unnatural darkness so that heaven will not see and cry "Hold, hold" No one must see the murder, as killing the King is an unthinkable act it is just interchangeable killing God.

The Great Gatsby :: essays research papers

Book ReviewThe Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald is set in the 1920s duringthe Jazz Age. Nick Carraway is a small-arm in his late twenties residing on WestEgg island in Long Island, New York living a normal living. That is, until hemeets his mysterious neighbor, a wealthy man named Jay Gatsby. He is aman of mystery, living in a mansion that is constantly full of people, music,and fun. Nicks normal invigoration gets thrown topsy-turvy when he gets involvedin the life of this extraordinary millionaire. Marred by jealousy, cheating,and lying, Nick begins to feel the essence of living a glamorous life in the20s. He showed this when he said, Everyone suspects himself of at leastone of the cardinal virtues, and this is mine I am one of the few openpeople that I have ever known.All along, I felt sorry for Nick being dragged into more and moretragedy, simply I in particular felt bad for him during one instance. His friendDaisy was married to Tom, but Tom was having an affair with Mr s. Wilsonand Daisy had a thing for Gatsby. Daisy and Gatsby were driving home fromtown after an blood line amongst the group of friends when they passed theWilsons gas station. Mrs. Wilson ran out to Gatsbys car, because they weredriving Toms car, and was hit. Mr. Wilson went positively crazy, and Nickfelt torn by his mixed feelings towards his hypothetic friend Gatsby. Idisliked him so much by this time that I didnt find it necessary to tell himhe was wrong. Gatsbys insensitiveness brought on by his lifestyle made Nickdespise him. This is the part where I think Nick really started opening hiseyes to how Gatsby really was.This book really displays how the life of an important person is,especially in that time period. At first, Nick is awed and drawn in by theglamour and prestige, but he eventually figures out for himself how rough itreally was. Although this book was set back in the 20s, the lessons youlearn from it still apply to society and life in general today. Anyone couldre ad this book and draw a few lessons to the highest degree life from it. SummaryThe Great Gatsby was set in the 1920s. Its about the lives of agroup of people who all become entangled in a web of, lying, scandal, andcheating together. Nick Carraway lives a normal life on Long Island, untilhe meets his neighbor, Jay Gatsby. Parties went on every weekend, and Nick

The Great Gatsby :: essays research papers

Book ReviewThe Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald is set in the 1920s duringthe Jazz Age. ding Carraway is a man in his late twenties residing on WestEgg island in Long Island, New York alert a prescript life. That is, until hemeets his mysterious neighbor, a wealthy man named Jay Gatsby. He is aman of mystery, living in a mansion that is constantly full of people, music,and fun. Nicks normal life gets thrown topsy-turvy when he gets involvedin the life of this extraordinary millionaire. Marred by jealousy, cheating,and lying, Nick begins to feel the essence of living a glamorous life in the20s. He showed this when he said, Every hotshot suspects himself of at leastone of the cardinal virtues, and this is mine I am one of the few honestpeople that I have ever known.All along, I felt sorry for Nick being dragged into more and moretragedy, just now I especially felt bad for him during one instance. His friendDaisy was married to Tom, but Tom was having an affair with Mrs. Wilsona nd Daisy had a thing for Gatsby. Daisy and Gatsby were driving home fromtownspeople after an argument amongst the group of friends when they passed theWilsons gas station. Mrs. Wilson ran out to Gatsbys car, because they weredriving Toms car, and was hit. Mr. Wilson went positively crazy, and Nickfelt torn by his mixed feelings towards his supposed friend Gatsby. Idisliked him so much by this time that I didnt find it necessary to tell himhe was wrong. Gatsbys insensitivity brought on by his lifestyle made Nickdespise him. This is the part where I think Nick really started opening hiseye to how Gatsby really was.This book really displays how the life of an important person is,especially in that time period. At first, Nick is awed and drawn in by theglamour and prestige, but he eventually figures out for himself how rough itreally was. Although this book was set back in the 20s, the lessons youlearn from it still agree to society and life in general today. Anyone couldread this book and draw a few lessons about life from it. SummaryThe Great Gatsby was set in the 1920s. Its about the lives of agroup of people who all become entangled in a web of, lying, scandal, andcheating together. Nick Carraway lives a normal life on Long Island, untilhe meets his neighbor, Jay Gatsby. Parties went on every weekend, and Nick

Equality and Inequality Under Perfect Competition

Equality and In compare Under Perfect Competition The mythical world of perfect wage equality Under certain very strict assumptions, a perfectly competitive market willing lead to perfect equality of wage rates. All workers will earn exactly the same. These strict assumptions are as follows All workers have identical abilities. There is perfect mobility of tote. All Jobs are equ totallyy attractive to all workers. All workers and employers have perfect knowledge. Wages are determined entirely by demand and egress.Given these assumptions, if consumer demand rose in any industry, the demand for labor would rise. As a result, wage rates would begin to rise. Immediately workers would flood into this industry, attracted by the higher wages. Very quickly, then, wage rates would be competed back depressed to the level in the rest of the economy. Likewise if wage rates began to fall in any industry, workers would leave, thereby eliminating any labor surplus and preventing the fall in wa ge rates.Under these conditions, therefore, not only would the labor supply curve to a firm be infinitely elastic, but so too would the labor supply curve to each industry at the universal wage rate. Of course, in the real world these conditions do not hold. Huge inequalities of wages exist. A financial dealer in the City can earn fifty times as much as a shop assistant. But even if markets were perfect, discrepancy would be expected to persist. Causes of inequality under perfect competitionIn the short run, inequality will exist under perfect competition because of the time it takes for changes in demand and supply conditions to bring new long-run equilibrium. Thus expanding industries will tend to pay higher wage rates than contracting industries. But even aft(prenominal) enough time has elapsed for all adjustments to be made to changes in demand and supply, long-run wage differentials will still exist for the following reasons Workers do not have identical abilities.

Part Five Chapter I

Privilege7.32 A person who has made a defamatory statement may claim privilege for it if he can show that he made it without malice and in pursuit of a public duty.Charles Arnold-BakerLocal Council Administration,Seventh EditionITerri Weedon was used to slew leaving her. The primary and greatest departure had been her mothers, who had never said goodbye, besides had simply walked out one day with a suitcase mend Terri was at school.There had been lots of social workers and care workers after she ran away at fourteen, and some of them had been nice enough, but they whole left at the end of the working day. Every fresh departure added a fine new layer to the crust building over her core.She had had friends in care, but at sixteen they were all on their own, and life had scattered them. She met Ritchie Adams, and she bore him dickens children. Tiny secondary pink things, pure and beautiful interchangeable nonhing in the whole serviceman and they had come out of her, and for shining hours in the hospital, twice, it had been like her own rebirth.And then they took the children from her, and she never saw them again, either.Banger had left her. Nana Cath had left her. Nearly everybody went, hardly anyone stayed. She ought to be used to it by now.When Mattie, her regular social worker, reappeared, Terri demanded, Wheres the other one?Kay? She was only covering for me while I was ill, said Mattie. So, wheres Liam? No I mean Robbie, dont I?Terri did not like Mattie. For one thing, she did not have kids, and how could people who didnt have kids tell you how to raise them, how could they understand? She had not liked Kay, exactly, either except that Kay gave you a funny feeling, the same feeling that Nana Cath had once given Terri, forwards she had called her a whore and told her she never wanted to see her again you felt, with Kay even though she carried folders, like the rest of them, even though she had instituted the case review you felt that she wan ted things to go right for you, and not only for the forms. You really did feel that. But she was gone, and she in all likelihood dont even think about us now, view Terri furiously.On Friday afternoon, Mattie told Terri that Bellchapel would near certainly close.Its political, she said briskly. They want to save money, but methadone treatments unpopular with the territory Council. Plus, Pagford wants them out of the building. It was all in the local paper, maybe you saw it?Some propagation she spoke to Terri like that, veering into a kind of after-all-were-in-this-together small-talk that jarred, because it sat alongside enquiries as to whether Terri was remembering to feed her son. But this time it was what she said, rather than how she said it, that upset Terri.Theyre closin it? she repeated.It looks that way, said Mattie breezily, but it wont make any difference to you. Well, obviously Three times Terri had embarked upon the programme at Bellchapel. The dusty interior of the c onverted church with its partition walls and its flyers, the bathroom with its neon-blue light (so you could not find veins and shoot up in there), had grow familiar and almost friendly. Lately, she had begun to sense in the workers there a change in the way they spoke to her. They had all expected her to fail again, in the beginning, but they had started talking to her the way Kay had talked as if they knew a real person lived inside her pockmarked, burned body. obviously, it will be different, but you can get your methadone from your GP instead, said Mattie. She flipped over pages in the distended file that was the states record of Terris life. Youre registered with Dr Jawanda in Pagford, right? Pagford why are you going all the way out there?I smacked a nurse at Cantermill, said Terri, almost absent-mindedly.After Mattie had left, Terri sat for a long time in her filthy chair in the posing room, gnawing at her nails until they bled.The moment Krystal came home, bringing Robbie back from nursery, she told her that they were closing Bellchapel.They aint decided yet, said Krystal with authority.The fuck do you know? demanded Terri. Theyre closin it, and now they say Ive gotta go to fuckin Pagford to that snowflakech that killed Nana Cath. Well, I fuckin aint.You gotta, said Krystal.Krystal had been like this for days bossing her mother, acting as though she, Krystal, was the grown-up.I ain gotta do fuckin anythin, said Terri furiously. Cheeky little bitch, she added, for good measure.If you start fuckin usin again, said Krystal, reddish in the face, theyll take Robbie away.He was still holding Krystals hand, and burst into tears.See? both women shouted at each other.Youre fuckin doin it to him shouted Krystal. An anyway, that doctor didn do nuthin to Nana Cath, thats all jus Cheryl an them talking shitFuckin little know-it-all, aint yeh? yelled Terri. You know fuck-all Krystal spat at her.Get the fuck out screamed Terri, and because Krystal was bigger a nd heavier she seized a shoe lying on the floor and brandished it. GerroutI fuckin will yelled Krystal. An Ill take Robbie an all, an you can stay here an fuckin screw Obbo an make another oneShe dragged the wailing Robbie out with her before Terri could stop her.Krystal marched him all the way to her usual refuge, forgetting that at this time in the afternoon, Nikki would still be hanging around outside somewhere, not at home. It was Nikkis milliampere who opened the door, in her Asda uniform.He ain stayin ere, she told Krystal firmly, while Robbie whined and tried to pull his hand from Krystals tight grip. Wheres your mum?Home, said Krystal, and everything else she wanted to say evaporated in the older womans piece of ass gaze.So she double backed to Foley Road with Robbie, where Terri, bitterly triumphant, grabbed her sons arm, pulled him inside and blocked Krystal from entering.Ad enough of him already, ave yeh? Terri jeered, over Robbies wails. Fuck off.And she slammed the d oor.Terri had Robbie sleep beside her on her own mattress that night. She lay awake and image about how little she needed Krystal, and ached for her as badly as she had ever craved smack.Krystal had been angry for days. The thing that Krystal had said about Obbo (She said what? he had laughed, incredulously, when they had met in the street, and Terri had muttered something about Krystal being upset.) he wouldnt have done it. He couldnt have.Obbo was one of the few people who had hung around. Terri had known him since she was fifteen. They had gone to school together, hung out in Yarvil while she was in care, swigged cider together beneath the trees on the footpath that cut its way through the small patch of remaining farmland beside the Fields. They had shared their first joint.Krystal had never liked him. Jealous, conception Terri, chinking Robbie sleep in the street light pouring through the thin curtains. Just jealous. Hes done more for me than anyone, thought Terri defiantly, because when she tallied kindnesses she subtracted abandonment. Thus all of Nana Caths care had been annihilated by her rejection.But Obbo had hidden her, once, from Ritchie, the father of her first two children, when she had fled the house barefoot and bleeding. Sometimes he gave her excess bags of smack. She saw them as equivalent kindnesses. His refuges were more reliable than the little house in Hope Street that she had once, for three glorious days, thought was home.Krystal did not return on Saturday morning, but that was nothing new Terri knew she must be at Nikkis. In a rage, because they were low on food, and she was out of cigarettes, and Robbie was whining for his sister, she stormed into her daughters room and kicked her clothes around, probing for money or the odd, overlooked fag. Something clattered as she threw aside Krystals crumpled old rowing kit, and she saw the little plastic jewellery box, upended, with the rowing medal that Krystal had won, and Tessa Walls wa tch lying beneath it.Terri picked up the watch and stared at it. She had never seen it before. She wondered where Krystal had got it. Her first assumption was that Krystal had stolen it, but then she wondered whether she might have been given it by Nana Cath, or even left it in Nana Caths will. That was a much more troubling thought than the idea of the watch being stolen. The idea of the sneaky little bitch hiding it away, treasuring it, never mentioning it Terri put the watch inside the pocket of her tracksuit bottoms and bellowed for Robbie to come with her to the shops. It took ages to get him into his shoes, and Terri lost her temper and slapped him. She wished she could go to the shop alone, but the social workers did not like you leaving kids behind in the house, even though you could get things done much quicker without them.Wheres Krystal? wailed Robbie, as she manhandled him out of the door. I wan KrystalI dunno where the little tart is, snapped Terri, dragging him along t he road.Obbo was on the corner beside the supermarket, talking to two men. When he saw her he raised a hand in greeting, and his two companions walked away.Ows Ter? he said.Nbad, she lied. Robbie, leggo.He was digging his fingers so tightly into her thin leg that it hurt.Listen, said Obbo, couldja keep a bit more stuff for me fer a bit?Kinda stuff? asked Terri, prising Robbie off her leg and holding his hand instead.Coupla bags o stuff, said Obbo. Really help me out, Ter.Ow long for?Few days. set ashore it round this evenin. Will yeh?Terri thought of Krystal, and what she would say if she knew.Yeah, go on then, said Terri.She remembered something else, and pulled Tessas watch out of her pocket. Gonna sell this, whaddaya reckon?Not bad, said Obbo, weighing it in his hand. Ill give yeh twenty for it. Bring it over tonight?Terri had thought the watch might be worth more, but she did not like to challenge him.Yeah, all righ then.She took a few go towards the supermarket entrance, hand in hand with Robbie, but then turned abruptly.I ain usin though, she said. So don bring Still on the mixture? he said, grinning at her through his thick glasses. Bellchapels done for, mind. All in the paper.Yeah, she said miserably, and she tugged Robbie towards the entrance of the supermarket. I know.I aint going to Pagford, she thought, as she picked biscuits off the shelf. I aint going there.She was almost inured to constant criticism and assessment, to the sideways glance of passers-by, to abuse from the neighbours, but she was not going to go all the way to that smug little town to get double helpings to travel back in time, once a week, to the place where Nana Cath had said she would keep her, but let her go. She would have to pass that charming little school that had sent horrible letters home about Krystal, saying that her clothes were too small and too dirty, that her behaviour was unacceptable. She was afraid of long-forgotten relatives emergent from Hope Street, as th ey squabbled over Nana Caths house, and of what Cheryl would say, if she knew that Terri had entered into voluntary dealings with the Paki bitch who had killed Nana Cath. Another mark against her, in the family that despised her.They aint making me go to fuckin Pagford, Terri muttered aloud, pulling Robbie towards the checkout.

Spring Days Ahead

Spring is a magical season for me. I love the sound of birds chirping, the smell of rain in the air, and the vibrant colours of the flowers starting to bloom. It awakens the senses. The winter cold is gone, yet the unbearable heat and humidity of summer in the south has yet to arrive.I love that daylight savings magazine puts an end to the long dark evening hours of winter. The phrase spring forward is a reminder to set our clocks ahead one hour during spring. Springing forward is what the season is all about and what I look forward to the most. The increased sunlight and ability to spend more time outdoors brings a new outlook on life and lifts my spirits. My husband and I become rejuvenated as we begin to get outdoors more and take pride in renewing our home and yard. Whether it is a small project, such as giving the front door a fresh coat of paint, or starting a garden, we look forward to it with excitement.Spring has been called the season of growth and it is when I start a new vegetable and flower garden each year. There is slide fastener better than freshly picked vegetables from my garden. The vegetables are free from pesticides and provide a healthy snack for our family. The smell of fresh cut flowers in a pretty vase on my kitchen table reminds me of the small pleasures in life. The beautiful colors of the flower garden help bring color and vibrancy to the world.Spring is a busy time of the year for my family. Spring brings on a fresh round of taking the children to school, sporting events, and birthday parties. Trying to keep up with two young children grass be exhausting. The occasional spring rainstorm provides a welcome relief from all this activity and gives me a badly needed break. There is nothing better than curling up on the couch with a good book, listening to the rain beat upon the roof, and enjoying the feeling of not being rushed to get somewhere.Spring is my favourite season. New color and life appear in the world. The long dark nig hts of winter are behind us. Everyone and everything is filled with a new sense of destiny and vibrancy. Others prefer the oppressive heat of summer, the dark cold of winter, and the dreary days of fall, but I will take spring over them all.

In the Future Schoolteachers Will Be Replaced by Computers

With the present wide use of computers, in the course of teaching, more and more teachers are in favour of using computers as an sanction in teaching their educatees or in appropriating the latest information from the Internet. However, I am non a believer in the argument that computers may in the future take the place of teachers in teaching students. Firstly, the creators of any education program and software need to be teachers or workers in the education system, or programmers who had previously worked in education.Therefore, although students may learn knowledge by computer, the skills and ideas ultimately emanate from the teaching staff. Secondly, while the computer may offer a adapt answer or explanation to students, the comprehension capability of every student varies from student to student, making it is impossible for the computer to offer an explanation catered to a students particular level of agniseing. However, the teacher is able to undertake this task, as he or s he possesses expertise in teaching.For example, when a teacher discovers that many students cannot understand professional knowledge, he or she may offer explanatory examples. The computer, however, may only analyze a question in terms of a naive right or wrong response. Finally, the teachers are invariably responsible for carrying a dual role. Most teachers act as not only an educator, but alike a kind of father or mother-figure in taking care of students in school.The teacher is able to assist parents in solving a youngsters mental problems other than imparting daily knowledge. The computer, which is purely an algorithmic electronic device, cannot hope to assist in this regard. In summary, the computer may not play a major role in education in comparison to the benefits of a teacher bestows. However, it is critical that teachers improve their old teaching modes by using computers at some level of educational teaching.

Online Enrolment System

Introduction Background of the study Automation and online transaction is not relatively new here(predicate) in our uncouth and more so abroad. In fact it is a growing fad abroad and is beginning to crop up in our country gradually, where bank transactions, business dealings and buying and selling take bum. It is very convenient to do online transactions because one does not have to actually be in the supermarket, department store, drugstore or bookstore in order to buy things needed.All it takes is a computer that has an internet connection, and one can instantly place the order. Sooner or later, the product is at the doorstep. Online enrollment is to a certain extent a new fad. The Online muniment system of the Ateneo de Zamboanga University serves as a bouncy part in the life of every student upon entering the university, it gives the student the impression on how the whole institute manages and manipulate in the entire body.The Online muniment system provides less time cons uming and data consistency, it stores details of students, year, and section. The enrolment is designed for authorized user of the school office that enables them to produce information unavoidable by the different people in the school. Computerized systems help the organization to flourish their everyday life. It is important in such a way that it welfares not besides the students but the administration as a whole. It lessen the workload, and provides accurate information.Last June 2012, the Ateneo de Zamboanga University implemented the online enrolment system to lessen the enrollment time, speeds up file management, and minimize inaccuracies and errors. Online Enrolment system is a good example of computer generated process. This can lessen the workload and provides accurate information needed of the university. As a result, it will benefit not only the student but the company as a whole. This study that we are doing is to define the benefits of the students, the advantage and disadvantages, and the Impact to the students here in the Ateneo.

The Importance of Protecting Rain Forests

Explain the Importance of Maintaining the Biodiversity of Tropical rainwater Forests Biodiversity is the variation of plant and animal life in a certain habitat, in former(a) words it is the variation of life forms within a particular ecosystem. All the living species guess on each other and this is where biodiversity comes into play. According to some inquiry 90 percent of all plant and insect and animal species exists in the tropical rain forests. Biodiversity in tropical rain forests is vital since the large aggregate of species found there ar so signi? push asidet.Biodiversity helps maintain the ecological balance between species in the rain forests. Tropical rain forests such as the virago and the Congo Basin, are home to some 500 million people. These people are some of the least privileged groups in our international society. The locals depend on the forests for many important products and environmental services. The native and indigenous peoples rely on the rain forests for their way of life. They do not only meet their frugal requirements for fare and shelter but also form an integral part of the culture and spiritual traditions.Tropical rain forests have a huge impact on the world-wide climate. They moderate the daily range of air temperatures and maintain the atmospheric humidity levels. Tropical rain forests have been called the lungs of our planet. Forests absorb atmospheric carbon and refresh the group O in the air we humans breath daily. The Amazon produces a large 20% of the worlds oxygen. Additionally tropical rain forests provide timber as rise as many products from animals such as varieties of meat and hides. Forests are also an important source of new pharmaceuticals used to ? ght cancer, AIDS, and other serious human diseases.Lastly the Rain forests rich and unique biodiversity makes it a popular tourist destination. The tropical rainforest are being destroyed daily and at a fast rate. unlike factors contribute to the wreckage of the worlds endangered forests. Large mining companies are causing serious environmental damage through releasing toxic waste products into the rain forests and its rivers. These wastes are not only threatening the forests themselves but also the health of the locals living there. Additionally tropical rain forests are disappearing quickly through deforestation. serviceman clear the natural forests o make room for farms, to harvest timber, for construction, fuels, and global sales. Deforestation in the Amazon and other rain forests across the world has a devastating effect including the extinction of rare plants and animals, social con? ict and climate change. Lastly large oil companies such as the American company Texaco, promptly Chevron, are a huge contributor to the destruction of tropical rain forests. The oil extraction process results in the release of toxic byproducts from oil drilling into the local rivers and broken pipelines and leakage are the results of regular oil s pills.It is obvious that the great variety of forests products is important by economic standard, such as the gum elastic industry. The Amazon rainforest is one of the most signi? cant producers of natural rubber in the world. Thus making the Amazon rainforest among others a great economic importance. Worldwide the destruction of tropical rain forests accounts for more greenhouse gas emission than all the worlds planes, trains, and cars combined. It is crucial for the tropical rain forests to be conserved to bear climate change from getting even worse and to ensure that we can endure the impacts of global warming.Tropical rain forests absorb and stock extensive quantities of carbon, thus service to regulate temperature and to produce rain. When the forests are destroyed the carbon is released back into the atmosphere. Additionally they ? ght erosion and shield the underground water reserves. Keeping the rain forests standing is a critical factor in ? ghting climate change and mo difying to a warmer world. Biodiversity plays an important role in our global eco system and our very existence. It has an immense measure that is worth protecting regardless of its value to the human race.The different varieties of species play an important role in the global ecological system. Different forms of live depend on each other for food and sustainability. An example would be snakes eat frogs, frogs eat insects, insects eat plants. This relationship is called the food chain and is extremely vital to modify our global eco system. If one species is terminated from the cycle, it will result in the collapse of other living species that depend on one another for their source of food.Conserving biodiversity can also have other bene? ts. Many varieties of biodiversity species have the possibility to become a source of new pharmaceuticals or to provide protection against diseases. Biodiversity and a ruddy natural eco-system are crucial for long term sustainability and for the reduction of the effects of climate change. Essay word count 793 Works Cited 1900s, By The. Rainforests Explore the Rainforests of the World. The character Conservancy Protecting Nature, Preserving Life. Web. 04 Nov. 2010.

Escaping the void

Two months before I boarded the ship, I was sitting, arduous to relax, on the veranda of a hotel, in Cairo accompanied by my friend William Sloper. A sort of odd looking little man approached me and with meaningful words he cautioned my subsequent travels traveled by boat as he explained that in a dream he had seen me afloat on an open boat. He tried to assure me that I was to digest everything except my life. I was bemused and seemed to doubt the little mans words, I handed him a small amount of coins then sat, gazing at him as he proceeded and disappeared into the teeming crowd.Until the 10th April I thought nonhing more than of the peculiar man until I realized that today I was embarking on a journey across the water to New York, 4 days before the ship began its decent to the depths below, we were all so unaware. Looking at the sheer beauty of the coarse body we were boarding, the mans words passed through my head, I only thought to myself, Dont be stupid, the Titanic is made so it is unsinkable and ensue to join my parents on the ship. I had been given just one cabins, C 23 which was occupied by myself, and my father. He had helped design the ship. When the Titanic struck the iceberg, he held himself responsible.Many beautiful decorations coer the room giving it its glory so perfect and precise with great space and luxury.As the ship set sail on her maiden voyage, at noon to New York, you could hear the cheers from the crowd below. We stood waving, leaning over the banisters lining the ship, calling to anyone we saw. Smiles lined our faces and our eyes gleamed, we were all ecstatic, pleased that we had our place on the conceit of the ocean.Impressive gold banisters lined the marble stairs leading into the enormous ballroom chandeliers hung covering the ceiling with their light and sparkle. We were jolly and pleased to be where we were. We love the relaxation everyday and the fun we had all night, even on that terrible night, we were spinning arou nd the dance floor until the ship suddenly shuddered greatly and slowed to a stop. Nobody was worried, the ship could not sink, but the aged mans words continued to flow through my head, worried thoughts began in my mind and showed on my face, I allow for lose everything but my life.I stood still thinking just before my brother grabbed me and spun me round the dance floor, a fake smile showed on my face but it was only to please. My father had left to ask what had happened and overheard Captain Smith ordering the watertight doors to be shut to prevent any more damage and determine the destruction already through. Mr. Andrews had left with fear on his face as soon as it had happened and glum up by my fathers side with what looked like plans to my father. They proceeded to disappear into a small room accompanied by the Captain.My father returned to reveal all, he told us to gather ourselves unitedly. He was not a stern man by nature but he was today. He was also a very sensible m an. We were to stay where we were as he needed us to be ready quickly. I hurried below deck to retrieve his and my own warm coat. I was now becoming petrified, the others on board were still calm, and everyone else on the ship was continuing as if nothing had happened. Though of course, they werent privileged with the knowledge that I had.My father returned again his face was rather pale, following him were many of the ships crewmembers who proceeded to hand out life jackets and tell everyone to put them on and also warm clothes, I took mine and correctly placed it over her head and tied the long straps around my waist. One of the crew spoke, in that location is nothing to worry about just Captains precautions. A massive bang went off, which I later found out was a distress signal he continued, Make sure warm clothing is worn and that people begin to eviscerate their way outside. Others made many complaints around me but we did as we were told, no arguments or conversation.It was cold outside, and ice was scattered over the deck. I rubbed my transfer together, my father grabbed them and rubbed them for warmth, stay calm, everything will be fine, I smiled shyly as a tear left my eye, was this what the man meant, I was going to lose my family. I was now very scared for all the bellow and holler of voices, the bang of the distress signals, and the screeching of boats as they were prepared for lowering. The crew thought that this was pointless, they overlap the feeling of false security that nothing was going to happen. However, soon children and female members of the passengers aboard were being asked to climb into the boats and were lowered out to sea. Crying began as families were soften up, I held onto my father knowing that this would happen to us, my fathers would be made to stay. Though deep down, I knew that he intended to go down with the ship.We snuggled together for warmth as the noise continued around us, hardly uttering words to one another, just trying to keep warm. Time had past, I am not sure how long. Many lifeboats had now been lowered and were moving away from the ship, and now we were being ushered onto one, lifeboat 10. My father hugged me, and we whispered our goodbyes he assured me that he would be there to see me when we found our way across the sea. I knew this was not to be true. My eyes were stinging trying to hold back the forceful tears I could not stop thinking of the brave men and boys who were to be left behind. As the boat was lowered I called, I love you him as he disappeared from view, my last memory was of him shaking hands with Mr. Andrews, both standing in their white life jackets. My head was aching, the false smile flew from my face. Around me, families were huddled together, trying to keep warm. in that respect were emotional mothers, wailing for their husbands and sons.The boat was rowed away from the ship, I gasped at the sight, the ship was already tilting. Many windows were disappearing from view. I thought for the starting signal time of the other passengers. Hundreds of people lined the decks. The last lifeboat had left. As I glanced around, searching for the other boats, disgust filled my thoughts. Rich, prominent women were in lifeboats, which were purposely half-filled. As they had material wealth, they neednt care about the sacrifice of others. I felt compelled to stand up and say something, though the cowardice within me kept me silent. I turned away staring into the dark sky lit by many tiny white stars.More hours passed, I wouldnt turn around more boats were border us as we moved further away, my eyes were red and sore yet the tears still flowed, yet I was no-longer sad but now angry. Why should I live and everyone else die? I longed to be by my fathers side, but I knew that he was gone. The sound grew, crashes and explosions. The cries grew louder but I never turned, I would not see it go down. I was too scared, too pathetic. I forced my self to turn just a s the boat crashed down to the depths below. There were bodies everywhere, strewn around the wake of the ship.We never returned, another ship, the Carpathia arrived at the scene taking the surviving people on board. I remember little, around me, mothers franticly calling for their families, their children lachrymose heavily. They knew they were lost. I did not cry anymore. I shivered not only from the cold, but of the fright. That man new this was to happen. How? I was too tired to sleep, too confused to think.As we arrived finally in New York I realised that I was to meet my fianc, the crowd all wept. Many were greeting relatives, asking helplessly if we had seen their loved ones. Keith stood in the crowd. I saw him, my face lit instantly but only for a second. I ran towards him and just let him hold me for a while he knew not to speak yet.I never forget the event, I think about what I should have done, I should have made them go for survivors or stayed with my father. I regret ma ny things but my family was always there to bring me hope through the hard times.

eBay

1) EBay pursue international growth through acquisitions and partnership in colligate and unrelated business. eBay goal was to puff out its international presence in an effort to create an on wrinkle global marketplace. In galore(postnominal) of this international website, eBay had to adapt and provide topical anesthetic language and currency options to illuminate popularity. The best approach that eBay had was by forming partnership with local companies.This strategy helps them to understand local cultures and ensure that the federation was meeting local need. eBay has had unspeakable success in Latin America and Europe. But in Asia has been a failure, in Japan they had to tress out of the market collect to the poor market share that they were equal to get. In china they alleviate struggling to gain market share so they decided to due joint venture to see a little bit more about the local needs.2) eBay biggest free-enterprise(a) advantage was said by the founder of the company we have specialize in e-commerce, payments and voice communication. Google stands for search, yokel largely stands for content this understandably defines the completive advantage of specializing at what they do the best. In order to support this eBay has through with(p) a lot of acquisition, this offered unequivocal services and target specific market niches, which allowed eBay to broaden its customer base.When it comes eBay in Asia , the company run into a lot of trouble due to an inability to build a confederation effect in the unsophisticated that focuses in customer service. But this was difficult for Ebay because changes at global aim had to be approving in United States. This made it more difficult for rapid changes in the local market.eBay1) EBay pursue international growth through acquisitions and partnership in related and unrelated business. eBay goal was to expand its international presence in an effort to create an on line global marketplace. In many of this international website, eBay had to adapt and provide local language and currency options to gain popularity. The best approach that eBay had was by forming partnership with local companies.This strategy helps them to understand local cultures and ensure that the company was meeting local need. eBay has had tremendous success in Latin America and Europe. But in Asia has been a failure, in Japan they had to pull out of the market due to the poor market share that they were able to get. In china they still struggling to gain market share so they decided to due joint venture to learn a little bit more about the local needs.2) eBay biggest competitive advantage was said by the founder of the company we have specialize in e-commerce, payments and voice communication. Google stands for search, Yahoo largely stands for content this clearly defines the completive advantage of specializing at what they do the best. In order to support this eBay has done a lot of acquisition, this offere d distinct services and target specific market niches, which allowed eBay to broaden its customer base.When it comes eBay in Asia , the company run into a lot of trouble due to an inability to build a community effect in the country that focuses in customer service. But this was difficult for Ebay because changes at global level had to be approving in United States. This made it more difficult for rapid changes in the local market.

Research Methodology, Design and Process: Dementia Care

AbstractThe baron to critic in ally analyse publications is an important skill for order-based recitation. This publications brush up aimed to critically analysed literature on mania cargon. A search of literature was pick outed on academic entropybases much(prenominal) as Pubmed and CINAHL. Three studies were finally retrieved for this literature reexamination. Each of these studies was critiqued using the Critical Appraisal Skills curriculum (CASP) dent for soft studies and the critiquing framework of Long et al. (2002). Findings of this literature review could be economic consumptiond to inform current and approaching community treat figure. Specifically, this review revealed that symphony therapy could improve the mood of respective(prenominal)s with dementia and show evidence in improving repositing function. While findings could not be applic adapted to a wider world, take ins could utilise findings and tailor these to the individual necessitate of the ir patients.IntroductionEvidence-based expend (EBP) is heavily reard in the NHS since this helps nurses and otherwise healthc be practitioners apply findings of recently published literature to ones current and future class period. The Nursing and Midwifery Councils (NMC, 2008) code of conduct in any case underscores that healthc atomic number 18 decisions should be evidence-based and nutrimented by published literature and current guidelines. Developing the ability to critically analyse literature is essential when developing evidence-based anxiety (Greenhalgh, 2010 Aveyard, 2014). There is a wealth of information from published literature and current guidelines. Determining the relevancy and lineament of these findings pass oning help inform nurses whether findings are credible and valid before they are applied to current shape.As part of community treat, I am interested in improving my current practice in order to deliver prime(prenominal) care to my patients. T he recent policy on community care from the Department of wellness (2013a) emphasises the grandeur of according patients with inveterate conditions and their carers to self-manage their conditions, achieve self-efficacy and lessen admissions in hospital settings. This policy, Care in Local Communities-District Nurse Vision and copy (Department of wellness, 2013a) emphasises the role of nurses in supporting patients and their carers to improve their health outcomes. While it is acknowledged that patients with chronic illnesses may never recover from their condition, nurses fetch the responsibility to help patients or their carers manage signs and symptoms of the chronic illness. As a nurse in community setting, I pee cared for patients with dementia. I saw how this condition impacts the patients quality of liveness and even incr substitute the risk of depression amongst their carers (Talbot and Verrinder, 2009). I always had an interest in pity for patients with dementia. How ever, I noticed that most pharmacologic treatments set little effect in cartridge clip laging the progression of cognitive impairments amongst these patients (Miller, 2009). These treatments are as well as costly and place a considerable burden on the family members and the NHS (Department of Health, 2013b). Hence, I approximation that familiarising myself with non-pharmacologic interventions and their effects on cognition or memory of the patient would be important in my role as a community nurse.A number of non-pharmacologic interventions to preserve memory or delay cognitive decline have been positive in the at last 2 decades. Studies (Spector et al., 2010 Hansen et al., 2006 Vink et al., 2004 Teri et al., 2003) show that these interventions range from repel stimulation, exercise programmes, sensory stimulation and cognitive training. Amongst these interventions, medicinal drug therapy has been suggested to be least harmful and relatively effective. virtually investig ators (Fornazzari et al., 2006 Cuddy and Duffin, 2005) have shown that even in patients with severe dementia, medicinal drug memory seemed to be preserved. However, some studies (Menard and Belleville, 2009 Baird and Samsom, 2009) suggest otherwise and exempt that some patients with Alzheimers ailment (AD) begin from impaired euphony memory. One regard (Baird and Samson, 2009) however, explained that procedural memory, specifically for practice of medicineal stimuli are not affected in persons with dementia. With the acknowledgement that most pharmacologic interventions have limited ability to treat the symptoms associated with dementia, it is essential to consider how non-pharmacologic interventions, such as melody therapy, alleviate symptoms of this condition. In order to enhance my current and future nursing practice and to increase my understanding on the relevance of medicinal drug therapy to dementia care, I have decided to research this topic further.Literature Se archA search of literature from academic databases such as the Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) and Pubmed was done to retrieve relevant studies. CINAHL indexes to a greater extent than 5,000 nursing and associate health sciences journals and contains almost 4 million citations. The depth of research names indexed in this database makes it a database of choice for research on the effects of music therapy on patients scathe from dementia. Meanwhile, Pubmed was alike phthisisd to search for academic literature. This database overly contains millions of citations and indexes nursing and allied health journals.A quick search for music therapy AND dementia was done in Pubmed since this database foc make use ofs on nursing and allied health journals. This search numbered 20 articles, most of which were available as full text journals. The same tell apartwords were entered in the CINAHL database. The search yielded 14 articles, with almost all arti cles available as full text articles. A review of the gips of all articles was done to select only primary research studies conducted in the last five years. Polit et al. (2013) secernate that retrieving journal articles in the last five years will ensure that the most recent evidence is use to inform current and future nursing practice. Literature grey-headeder than five years old may be outdated. However, this alike increases the risk of excluding landmark studies (Aveyard, 2014). For the present review, the selection of studies was only restricted to the last five years to ensure that to a greater extent recent evidence on music therapy were evaluated and critiqued. There was as well no restriction on the place where the studies were conducted since dementia affects population of divers(prenominal) ethnicities. Learning from the experiences of other nurses or healthcare practitioners on the use of music therapy for dementia patients would also help improve nursing practi ce in the UK. The following articles were chosen for critique and evaluationSimmons-Stern et al. (2012) Music-based memory sweetening in Alzheimers illness covenant and limitationsSakamoto et al. (2013) Comparing the effects of different individualized music interventions for elderly individuals with severe dementia,Dermot et al. (2014) The importance of music for peck with dementia the perspectives of people with dementia, family carers, provide and music healersAs previously stated, I am interested in how music therapy could help me assist my patients delay the progression of dementia and help them and their carers self-manage the signs and symptoms of dementia. Hence, all articles are relevant my work as a community nurse. To critique these studies, the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP, 2013) tool for critiquing soft studies was utilised. For the quantitative studies, Long et al. (2002) critiquing framework for quantitative studies was used. Both critiquing frame works are easy to use and help researchers investigate the quality and rigour of research articles.Study 1 Simmons-Stern et al. (2012A review of the deed of conveyance of the believe shows that it reflected the main aim and objectives of the speculate. The title was epigrammatic and come doned information to the readers that the mull over aimed to present the limitations of music-based memory enhancement as well as its possible application to nursing practice. Polit et al. (2013) emphasise the importance of creating a concise and clear title in order not to mislead readers and to inform stakeh ripeneds if the article is worth reading. A review was also done on the authors place setting and shows that all had extensive stage setting on dementia research and healthcare. This was essential since credibility of the authors background could increase the reliability of the findings of the interpret (Long et al., 2002). However, Hek and Moule (2011) emphasise that the authors bac kground is not the sole criterion in assessing the credibility of the findings of the subscribe.The thieve of the playing field failed to mention the grapheme of subscribe anatomy used. While the abstract summ hold ups the aims and main findings of the s burn down, it did not follow the usual structure of an abstract in a journal article where the methodology or methods used are explicitly stated. Ellis (2010) reiterates that an abstract should provide a brief summary of the counts background, aims and objectives, methodology, results and closing. Although it was hard to delimitate why the researchers of this vignette failed to present the methodology in the abstract, readers of the ruminate could have benefited from an abstract that states the methodology of the determine. Reading of the body of the article would show that the quantitative study design was used. The study aimed to investigate the effects of music on the memory of patients ache from Alzheimers disease , one of the diseases assemblageed under dementia. Simmons-Stern et al. (2012) do excellent use of literature and related to findings from previous studies with the current study.Apart from the excellent use of literature, there was also a very in effect(p) review of the previous studies and a cracking in literature was understandably presented. Hence, the literature review of the study was well written and provided the readers with good background on why there is a quest to trickle out the present study. Polit et al. (2013) emphasise that a well-written review of literature should be able to provide scene to the studys aims and objectives and argue why there is a need to address the gaps in literature. Importantly, Simmons-Stern et al. (2012) avoided the use of jargon when writing the paper. Burns and Grove (2013) explain that the use of jargon should be avoided since this excludes readers of the article that have no nursing or medical background. A good paper is one that i s written for a general audience and not only for a scientific community (Burns and Grove, 2013). A total of 12 participants who were diagnosed with Alzheimers disease and 17 healthy controls gave their communicate consents to participate in the study. Brown (2009) states the importance of obtaining the informed consent of participants before commencing the study. This would not only protect the rights of the participants but also ensure that the nurse researchers are observing the Nursing and Midwifery Councils (NMC, 2008) code of conduct in protecting the patients or participants from harm. composition of obtaining an informed consent is the presentation of the studys aims and objectives, possible side effects or benefits when act in the study (Brown, 2009). An informed consent will also ensure that debriefing is provided to the participants to avoid either harm and psychological di melodic phrase to the participants (Oermann, 2010).Apart from getting the informed consent, it was also crucial that an ethics citizens committee has evaluated and approved the study protocol. An evaluation of the study reveals that this was observed and an ethics committee approved the study. On reflection, the study has a very small sample size (n=12 try outal root word n=17 control group). This would have taken a randomised controlled study design since a control group was used to compare the effects of music therapy on the patients with a healthy control. However, the investigators specifically state that this study was comparative. An inclusion and exclusion criteria were used when recruiting the patients, suggesting that participants were not randomly selected. Since the study was quantitative and utilize the experimental study design, random sampling of the participants who have been more applicable (Crookes and Davies, 2004). It should be advertd that it would also be difficult to randomise participants since this study was only conducted in one healthcare sett ing and it was crucial that participants have developed AD. While randomisation of participants was not observed, it is noteworthy that the investigators stated how m some(prenominal) of the participants were excluded from the study and the reasons of their exclusion. This was essential since failure to explain why participants who gave their informed consents to participate in the study but were later excluded in the actual experiment would make the data collection process unclear (Moule and Goodman, 2009).Despite the small sample size, the demographic characteristics of the two groups were not significantly different when t-test was done. There were no significant differences in prior musical training, noble or informal, years of education and age between the participants of the two groups. This allowed the investigators to determine if there were differences after the study, this qualification have been due to the intervention employed. After informed consents were taken, the authors of the study declared that they paid the participants for the hours spent during the study. Compensating the participants for the metre is considered as honest since considerable time has been taken away from the subjects for their participation in the study (Hek and Moule, 2011). The interventions were distinctly stated. This increased the rigour of the study since a cl archeozoic stated research method would help other investigators replicate the methods in future studies and verify whether confusable findings are obtained (Hek and Moule, 2011). Simmons-Stern et al. (2012) also specifically outlined the lyrics used and where these were obtained and how music memory of the participants was tested. Results section of the study clearly presented the main findings of the study. Appropriate statistical tests were also utilised to test the hypotheses of the research. Polit et al. (2013) emphasise that statistical tests should be usurp to the studys aims and objectives and should rule out any slashes in edition of the findings.Despite having a small sample size, the researchers were able to establish that music in patients with AD enhances memory in terms of familiarisation of sung lyrics but not in utter stimuli. This suggests that in patients with AD, they can enhance their memory when familiarising with the lyrics or listening to music but not when they learn spoken language. There were also no significant differences in the healthy control and experimental groups in terms of memory after hearing the lyrics of a song compared to hearing the lyrics as a spoken stimuli. Since this study has a small sample size, the applicability of the findings to a larger and more confused population would be difficult (Burns and Grove, 2013). Although a control was used, it should be noted that participants in the experimental group are in the early stages of AD. This could have affected the findings of the study since it is unclear if patients with severe de mentia would also yield similar reactions and results. At present, the findings are applicable to the sample population of the study and importantly, only on individuals in the early stages of dementia. While there were several limitations of the study, findings are noteworthy since these show that music therapy is promising as a non-pharmacologic intervention for enhancing memory in individuals with early stage dementia.The conclusion of the study was clearly presented and summarises the key points presented in the study. Although the discussion states future areas of study, there were no clear recommendations in the conclusion. Specific recommendations could have been made at the end to help future researchers identify areas of investigation. There were also no implications for future nursing and other healthcare practitioners practices. Despite the lack of clear recommendations, readers can still read through the study and identify areas that need further investigation. For examp le, there is a need to replicate the study in a larger and randomly selected sample population to strengthen the validity and reliability of the findings. There is also a need to compare findings with patients suffering from moderate to severe dementia to determine if music still has similar effects on the memory of those in advanced stages of the illness. There are a number of implications of the study in nursing practice. Nurses can use music to help enhance memory or block deterioration of memory amongst individuals with early stages of the disease. It is essential to consider the acceptability of music therapy in those suffering from dementia. As a whole, the study was of high quality and effort was made to reduce bias within the study. Although the investigators failed to projection screen assessors to the study, findings were presented objectively. It is also difficult to blind assessors because of the very small sample size (Burns and Grove, 2013). All investigators were fa miliar with the background of the participants and blinding them to the intervention was difficult since these investigators were also responsible in implementing the interventions. Finally, there were no conflicts of interest (Polit et al., 2013), ensuring the readers that bias in presentation of findings was avoided.Study 2 Sakamoto et al. (2013)An evaluation of the studys title reveals that it was concise and clearly reflects the studys aims and objectives. This was essential (Long et al., 2002) since this would present to the readers the main aim of the study. The type of study design chosen to function the studys aims was also assume. A quantitative study design would help investigators answer the research aims and objectives through experimentation, surveys or a randomised controlled trial (RCT) (Brown, 2009). In Sakamoto et al. (2013), the randomised controlled study design was used. Compared to other quantitative study designs, a RCT reduces risk of selection bias and bias in interpretation of findings (Moule and Goodman, 2009). Selection bias occurs when participants are not randomly selected and do no have equal chances of world charge to a control or experimental groups (Crookes and Davies, 2004). This is avoided in RCT since all participants are randomly set uped to an experimental or control group. On the other hand, bias in interpretation of findings is lessened peculiarly if investigators and assessors are blinded to the interventions and standard treatment (Oermann, 2010).A critical analysis of the study shows all participants in the study were randomly delegate to the treatment and standard care groups. However, a major limitation of this study was its relatively small sample size (n=39). It would be difficult to transfer findings to a larger and more heterogeneous group due to the articulationness of the sample population (Ellis, 2010). While it is difficult to transfer findings to other settings due to the relatively small sample size , community nurses may consider the applicability of the findings to their own practice. It is noteworthy that it would be difficult to recruit participants in the advanced stages of dementia since their ability to give their informed consent is severely limited (Department of Health, 2009). Further, their participation requires that their carers or immediate family members are aware of the studys aims and objectives and should be able to assist the participants during the the study. While an ethics board approved the study and informed consents were taken from the respondents or their representatives (Burns and Grove, 2013), involving individuals who suffer from severe cognitive impairment would be difficult. This also carries some ethical issues since their ability to understand the procedures of the study is compromised (Hek and Moule, 2011). Although the Mental Health Act in the UK acknowledges that carers can act in behalf of the individual with mental health condition, ethics regarding their participation in research studies remains debatable (Department of Health, 2009).Despite the possible ethical issues environ the study, investigators of this study used other means of evaluation to assess the participants responses to the interventions. For example, they used the Faces Scale (Sakamoto et al., 2013) to determine the emotions of the participants. A review of the studys aims and objective shows that these were clearly presented in the beginning of the study. The introduction and review of literature also made excellent use of previous studies. It is also important to note the gaps in practice in recent studies were highlighted in the literature review section (Ellis, 2010). A good literature also argues why there is a need for the new study and how this could be applied to current healthcare practices (Ross, 2012). Methodology and methods used were also book for the research question. Since the study aimed to determine the effectiveness of music ther apy, it is appropriate that a RCT is used to compare music therapy with standard care. Comparing music therapy with standard care is ethical (Ross, 2012) since all patients in the study trustworthy interventions. It would be unethical to withdraw treatment or assign participants to a control group that would receive no intervention (Crookes and Daives, 2004). The evaluation tools used to measure the responses of the patients were appropriate and have been previously validated and standardised. This was necessary to convey to the readers that validated measurement tools were used in the study (Moule and Goodman, 2009).A clear description of the research methods was presented. This would allow future researchers to replicate the present study (Oermann, 2010) and determine if similar findings could be observed. This also increases rigour of the study (Burns and Grove, 2013) since it is essential for other researchers to also test the possibleness of the study and ensure that results are consistent across different healthcare settings. Results of the study were well presented and appropriate statistical tests were used. The discussion section of the study presented the strengths and limitations of the study. Polit et al. (2013) emphasise that presenting the limitations of a study will help inform other researchers on areas that need further improvement and presents areas for further research. Since weaknesses of the study were presented, readers and other healthcare practitioners can determine the extent in which the findings can be applied to current and future nursing practice (Burns and Grove, 2013). The conclusion of the study succinctly captures the main points raised in the research study. This helped the researchers identify the main highlights of the study (Ellis, 2010). However, recommendations for other researchers and areas of improvement of the study were not cited. While the discussion section presented these limitations and areas for future studies , brief recommendations at the end of the study could have added rigour to the research study. Importantly, there were no conflicts of interest. This assured the readers that bias in reporting of data was reduced (Ellis, 2010).Findings of this study have important implications in nursing practice. All participants authoritative either the static or inter supple music intervention while the control group received no music intervention. There was careful choice of music in the interactive group. For example, healthcare workers assigned to the interactive group helped investigators choose music for the patient participants. Music played during the intervention all had special(a) meaning to the participants. All interventions were given individually for 30 minutes per session at once a workweek for 10 weeks. Those in the interactive group were allowed to clap, sing or interact with the music. Meanwhile, those in the passive group only listened to the music. The music chosen for the passive group also had special meaning to the participants. Those in the control group sat in silence for 30 minutes during the once a week session. Interestingly, findings show that music associated with special memories led to significant changes in the parasympathetic nervous system of the participants.Investigators note that music significantly increased relaxation of the individuals immediately after intervention when compared to baseline data. However, these were not noted in the control group. Significant changes were also seen on the emotional states of the participants in the interactive and passive music intervention groups. Music appeared to elicit pleasant emotional states. However, when passive and interactive groups were compared, the latter was significantly more relaxed following the music intervention. It should be noted that patients with severe dementia are more sensitive to environmental stimuli and may experience stress when placed in a new environment (Morris and Morris, 2010). Further, patients with cognitive impairments may express feelings of stress and fear through disruptive behaviour (Morris and Morris, 2010). The hassle in verbalising their emotional needs could aggravate their responses to their surroundings (Department of Health, 2009). Hence, the study of Sakamoto et al. (2013) may have important implications in nursing care for patients in community settings. Nurses can encourage family members to play music that have special meaning to their loved ones suffering from dementia to illicit positive emotional states. The calming effect of music could be an advantage for patients cared in home or care settings since this would not only prevent stress but also allow patients to enjoy quality of life.Study 3 Dermot et al. (2014)A review of the studys title shows that it also reflects the main aims and objectives of the study. Readers could easily understand that the study seekd the experiences of individuals with dementia, their ca rers, staff and music therapists when music interventions are employed. The CASP (2013) tool for qualitative studies contains three screening questions that should be used to determine if a study is worth reviewing. The study of Dermot et al. (2014) suggests that music can help maintain the persons interconnectedness and their quality of life. Findings have important implications in nursing practice since music intervention (Miller, 2009) is not costly and could yield positive results for patients suffering from early to advanced stages of dementia. Further review of the study shows that aims and objectives of the research were clearly stated. The main aim of the study was to explore the meaning of music in the lives of individuals suffering from dementia. Investigators of this study state that there is limited knowledge on why or how individuals find music beneficial to their wellbeing. Understanding the role of music according to the perceptions of the patients and their carers wi ll help inform nursing practice on the relevance of music in the lives of people with dementia.A qualitative research methodology was appropriate for the studys aims since the research aims to interpret the subjective experiences of individuals with dementia. Parahoo (2006) emphasises that a qualitative study allows researchers to explore the experiences and perceptions of individuals in more detail and depth. Since open-ended questions are used, investigators can use probing questions (Burns and Grove, 2013) to help participants articulate their experiences. One of the strengths of this study was the inclusion of participants family members, care home staff and music therapists. Individuals suffering from dementia were recruited from care homes and those living in the community. This allowed Dermot et al. (2014) to compare the perceptions of people with dementia living in care homes or in the community and determine if settings of the individuals impact their experiences with music therapy. Recruitment strategy employed was also appropriate for the research aims. There was also a clear explanation on the methods of data collection. Semi-structured audiences and taper group discussions were done. In the former, this would allow researchers to investigate perceptions of participants in more detail (Parahoo, 2006). However, this requires more time to complete especially if there are many participants in a study. A focus group discussion, on the other hand, requires little resources and could be completed in one setting (Polit et al., 2013). However, if a governing member would be included in a focus group discussion, interactions would be limited (Burns and Grove, 2013).This could be avoided with a facilitator who knows how to redirect the discussion to all members of the focus group. A stregnth of the study of Dermot et al. (2014) is the presentation of a systematization on why they used a combination of focus groups and in-depth interviews. It should also b e noted that participants with dementia great power display cognitive impairments, depending on the stage of their illness. Hence, requiring these patients to explain their experiences in more depth might be challenging. However, the investigators tried to mitigate this challenge by including carers of the patients as part of the study participants. Inclusion of carers could provide researchers with more detailed information on how music impacts the wellbeing and quality of life of the patients since these carers are more acquainted with the individuals suffering from dementia (Miranda-Castillo et al., 2010). It is also noteworthy that music therapy was individualised to the patients in the study. This suggests that comparison of music therapy received by the patients was not done. Instead, investigators focused on the impact of music therapy on the patients wellbeing. In addition, the study did not take into account the differences in music interventions and whether this shaped th e individuals reaction to music therapy. Despite the differences in music intervention, it was common for the music therapists to use songs that were well-known to the patients. They also supported active music therapy with exploratory improvisation. Dermot et al. (2014), however, failed to explain what is exploratory improvisation or how this was done during music therapy.There was also an explanation on the content of the guides used for the in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. This was essential to demonstrate the coverage of the interview guides and whether each guide reflects the aims and objectives of the study (Moule and Goodman, 2009). However, the relationship between the researchers and the participants was not thoroughly discussed. If the participants knew the investigators, this might lead to strength bias especially if the researchers hold positions of power (Oermann, 2010). Despite this limitation, Dermot et al. (2014) emphasise that only one facilitator g uided the focus group discussions. There were changes in the methods used during data collection. For instance, where a focus group discussion was ab initio decided, this was then changed to individual interviews in the second group of patients and healthcare workers. Dermot et al. (2014) explain that the severity of dementia of the patients was considered in the choice of data collection. In-depth interviews were used when patients had severe dementia.There were also sufficient details on how participants were recruited and whether ethical standards were observed. Polit et al. (2013) state that ethics in research is crucial to ensure that the rights of the participants were observed and they were not subjected to undue stress or negative experiences during data collection. Confidentiality was also observed in the study and all participants remained anonymous. Approval was also sought from an ethics board in the community settings. Data analysis of qualitative data could be extensi ve and time consuming (Parahoo, 2006). Informing readers how data was analysed would help increase the rigour of a qualitative study. Dermot et al. (2014) provided an in-depth description of how data was analysed. Thematic analysis was also used to present the main findings of the study. There was also a clear description on how categories and themes emerged. For instance, the long-table approach was used during analysis of data. Verbatim transcripts were used to support the main themes. This ensures validity and credibility of the main themes generated in the study (Polit et al., 2013). Contradictory data were also taken into account. The researchers also critically examined their own roles in the research process and the potential bias that might arise during analysis of research data.While respondent was not done, validity and credibility of the data were observed through constant comparison of categories and themes. More than one researcher was involved in the analysis of data. Professors and doctoral students of the doctorial Programme in Music Therapy were also consulted during thematic analysis and were involved in identifying categories. Importantly, findings were discussed with reference to the trustworthy research question. A discussion was also made on the relevance of the study to dementia care. Findings of this study suggest that music is a medium that is readily accessible to patients with dementia. Many of the patients, their carers and healthcare staff admitted that music forces mental stimulation and is an emotionally meaningful experience. Almost all participants also remarked that song lyrics with personal meanings helped patients intend their personal history. It is also perceived to reinforce personal and cultural identity. Music is also perceived to promote connectedness and causeing and sustaining of relationships. In addition, music has immediate effects on the mood of the patients. Most of the staff members who participated in th e focus group discussions remarked that fervour of the patients decreased as a result of music therapy.It is also shown to promote a relaxing environment in the care homes. On the other hand, listening to music in the lounge area could be challenging since care home residents might have different music preferences. Hence, it would be a challenge for healthcare workers to address all the music preferences of the patients. Since the study was qualitative, transferability of the findings to a larger and more heterogeneous population is impossible (Polit et al., 2013). However, other healthcare practitioners could use findings to help build a peaceful environment for patients suffering from dementia. A further review of the study also shows that the conclusion summarises the main points raised in the study and provides recommendations for other researchers to consider in similar studies in the future.Implications of Findings in Nursing PracticeFindings of this literature review could b e used to improve nursing practice when feel for for patients with dementia. All three studies (Simmons-Stern et al., 2012 Sakamoto et al., 2013 Dermot et al., 2014) included in this literature review demonstrate the impact of music therapy on patients with dementia. Music therapy could improve health outcomes and quality of life of the patients from early to advanced stages of the disease. In the latter, patients who have difficulty communicating their needs, react positively to music therapy. Many of the patients with severe dementia show less agitation when exposed to music that was once relevant to them before they suffered from dementia. This suggests that music therapy could even not only promote positive mood of the patients but might even reconnect them to who they are (Dermot et al., 2014). This holds important implications in nursing practice in community settings. Music therapy could be introduced to families caring for a loved one with dementia and could be used to calm the patient, reconnect with their family members and create an environment that is less stressful for the individual with dementia.The type of music therapy, however, will be dependent on the preferences of the individual (Sakamoto et al., 2013). This is consistent with patient-centred care (Department of Health, 2009) where patient preferences are considered when creating a care plan or introducing healthcare interventions. It is suggested that interactive music therapy (Simmons-Stern et al., 2012 Sakamoto et al., 2013) might be more effective than passive music therapy in improving memory and mood of the patients with dementia. As a community nurse, I need to be aware of the different non-pharmacologic interventions for people with dementia. I can use findings of this review when caring for patients suffering from dementia. Music therapy is relatively easy to carry out and entails very little cost. Importantly, it has positive short and long-run impacts on patients mood, memory and quality of life. Hence, considering this type of intervention could also help ease the burden of carers who provide care to these patients on a daily basis. I could use information from this literature when conducting patient education. I can inform my patients and their family members of the benefits of music therapy and the sustainability of this type of therapy over time. I can also encourage family members to consider music therapy to help alleviate the mood of the patients and provide a calm environment. refinementThis literature review has shown the feasibility and promise of music therapy in promoting wellbeing, improving memory and quality of life of patients with dementia. As a community nurse, music therapy could be employed with the help of a music therapist in community settings. Families and carers could be taught on how to use this type of therapy to improve the mood of the patient or to calm the individual when agitated. This type of therapy holds some promise in long-term care for people with dementia. As shown in the review, individuals with severe dementia still have the ability to respond positively to music therapy. However, comity should still be made on the applicability of the findings of the three studies to a larger and more heterogeneous population. All studies recruited a relatively small sample size that might not be representative of the experiences of a wider group of people with dementia. Although this limits applicability, findings can be tailored to the needs of individual patients. Considerations should also be made on the preferences of the patients and their family members on whether music therapy is acceptable to them. Since there is a need to practice patient-centred care, nurses have to determine if patients or their family members are willing to employ music therapy. It should ne noted that this literature review is only limited to reviewing three studies. Literature on the acceptability of music therapy was not eva luated. Despite this gap in the present literature review, the positive responses generated after music therapy should help patients and their family members consider music therapy.ReferencesAveyard, H. (2014) Doing a literature review in health & social care A practical guide. 2nd ed. Berkshire abrupt University Press.Baird, A. & Samson, S. (2009) Memory for music in Alzheimers disease unforgettableNeuropsychology Review. 19(1), p. 85101.Brown, S. (2009) Evidence-based nursing the research-practice connection. Sudbury Mass Jones & Bartlett Publishers.Burns, N. & Grove, S. (2013) The practice of Nursing Research Conduct. critique and utilisation. 7th ed., St. Louis Elsevier Saunders.Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (2013) 10 questions to help you make sense of qualitative research. England CASP.Crookes, P. & Davies, S. (2004) Research into practice. Essential skills for reading and applying research in nursing and healthcare. 2nd ed. Edinburgh Bailliere Tindall.Cuddy, L. & Duffi n, J. (2005) Music, memory, and Alzheimers disease is music recognition spared in dementia, and how can it be assessedMedical Hypotheses. 64(2), p. 229235.Department of Health (2013a) Care in local communities A new vision and model for district nursing. London Department of Health.Department of Health (2013b) Improving care for people with dementia Online. Available from https//www.gov.uk/government/policies/improving-care-for-people-with-dementia (Accessed 5 December, 2014).Department of Health (2009) financial backing Well with dementia A National Dementia Strategy. London Department of Health.Ellis, P. (2010) Understanding research for nursing students. Exeter Learning Matters.Fornazzari, L, Castle, T. & Nadkarni, S. (2006) Preservation of episodic musical memory in a pianist with Alzheimer disease. Neurology. 66(4), p. 610611.Greenhalgh, T. (2010) How to read a paper the basics of evidence-based medicine. West Sussex, UK John Wiley and Sons.Hansen, V., Jorgensen, T. & Ortenbla d, L. (2006) Massage and touch for dementia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 4, p. CD004989.Hek, G. & Moule, P. (2011) Making sense of research. quaternate ed. London sage.Long, A., Godfrey, M., Randall, T., Brettle, A. & Grant, M. (2002) Developing evidence based social care policy and practice. Part 3 feasibility of undertaking systematic reviews in social care. Leeds Nuffield Institute for Health.McDermot, O., Orrell, M. & Ridder, H. (2014) The importance of music for people with dementia the perspectives of people with dementia, family carers, staff and music therapists. Aging & Mental Health. 18(6), p. 706-716.Menard, M. & Belleville, S. (2009) Musical and verbal memory in Alzheimers disease a study of long-term and short-term memory. Brain and Cognition. 71(1), p. 3845.Miller, C. (2009) Nursing for wellness in older adults. Philadelphia Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.Miranda-Castillo, C., Woods, B., Galboda, K., Oomman, S., Olojugba, C. & Orrell, M. (2010) Unmet n eeds, quality of life and support networks of people with dementia living at home. Health and Quality of liveness Outcomes. 8132 doi 10.1186/1477-7525-8-132.Morris, G. & Morris, J. (2010) The dementia care workbook. London McGraw-Hill global.Moule, P & Goodman, M. (2009) Nursing Research An Introduction, London Sage Publishers.National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) (2009) Depression The treatment and watchfulness of depression in adults. London NICE.Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) (2008) The Code Standards of conduct, performance and ethics for nurses and midwives. London NMC.Oermann, M. (2010) Writing for publication in nursing. 2nd ed., Philadelphia Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.Parahoo, K. (2006) Nursing Research Principles, Process and Issues. 2nd ed. New York Palgrave Macmillan.Polit, D., Beck, C. & Hungler, B. (2013) Essentials of nursing research, methods, appraisal and utilization. 8th ed., Philadelphia Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.Ross, T. (201 2) A survival guide for health research methods. Maidenhead OUP.Sakamoto, M., Ando, H. & Tsutou, A. (2013) Comparing the effects of different individualized music interventions for elderly indivduals with severe dementia. International Psychogeriatrics. 25(5), p. 775-784.Simmons-Stern, N., Deason, R., Brandler, B., Frustace, B., OConnor, M., Ally, B. & Budson, A. (2012) Music-based memory enhancement in Alzheimers disease promise and limitations. Neuropsychologia. 50(14), p. 3295-3303.Spector, A., Orrell, M. & Woods B. (2010) Cognitive Stimulation Therapy (CST) effects on different areas of cognitive function for people with dementia. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 25(12), p. 12531258.Talbot, L. & Verrinder, G. (2009) Promoting Health The Primary Health Care Approach. Australia Elsevier Australia.Teri, L., Gibbons, L., McCurry, S., Logsdon, R., Buchner, D., Barlow, W., Kukull, W., LaCroix, A. McCormick, W. & Larson, E. (2003) Exercise plus behavioral management in patients with Alzheimer disease a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association. 290(15), p. 20152022.Vink, A., Birks, J., Bruinsma, M. & Scholten, R (2004) Music therapy for people with dementia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 4, p. CD003477.

Mid Semester exam

Its not a noise that you usually hear coming from a hospital room. Ha ha ha He heel You open the door to see twelve patients all sick, some(prenominal) in wheelchairs tickling each other with long balloons and laughing as hard as its viable to laugh. Joining in with the fun is Dry Tim Crick, and this is his weekly session of laughter therapy at Leeds City Hospital. The aspiration of these 30-minute sessions is not only to help patients forget that they are sick, according to Dry Crick Laughter gives the lungs and the muscles a good workout, which Is Important In long-term patients.But more than this. I believe that laughter support in reality speed up recuperation from sickness. Laughter therapys recent history begins in the asses, when writer Norman Cousins depict in Anatomy of an Illness how he used comedy films to successfully give himself some succour from a painful medical condition. This promoted academics to begin looking at the physiological effects of laughter. The spread of sanative laughter clubs began In India In the asses with Dry Madman Astral, who began taking patients for sessions In a public park.So Is thither any science behind the claims that laughter speeds recovery? Certainly, it triggers a range of reactions in the body. Some studies bring shown that the ability to use and respond to humor may raise the level of infection-fighting antibodies, and boost the level of resistant cells. A recent study with diabetics showed that laughter helped control blood sugar levels. And research at the University of free state showed that laughter helped blood flow by keeping blood vessels unbended.For Dry Crick, It is In laughters ability to relax s that Its healing power lies. After a good laugh. Our muscles relax. Our mind stops focusing on pain or negative thoughts, and endorphins start to flow in our brains. It puts the body in a home where it can begin to heal itself. When we are healthy we can achieve this state through tangible exer cise, social contact, and on- things that are more difficult when you are n hospital. Laughter, in the same way as music, can bring relaxation into the wards. While many are doubtful about the scientific posterior of laughter therapy, It would be Impossible for even the most extreme septic to watch these helve patients In Leeds laugh until tears run down their faces without thinking, this is doing them good. Questions 1- Read the text and answer the following questions 1. In what both ways is laughter good for patients, according to Dry Tim Crick? Laughter therapy session held? 3. Why capability laughter help diabetics? 2. Where were the 1st 4. How does laughter help fight infections, according to some studies? 2- Match the highlighted dustup In the text with the meanings below a.Designed to effect that you are trying to achieve c Makes something begin to transcend 3- Fill in the blanks with the comparative or superlative forms of the adjectives a. Aspirin is (strong) paink iller weve got, Im afraid. B. Can I do anything to make you feel (well) ? C. Moving around is getting (hard) to do. D. Injection is (fast) way to administer pain relief. E. He is (weak) he was yesterday. F. For children, thinking about the injection is (frightening) the pain itself. 4- Complete the questions in the dialogue Nurse When did the symptoms original appear? longanimous About a year.Nurse Why (you/not come) to see me? Patient At the term I wasnt very worried. Nurse And (the symptoms/ get worse) 7 Patient Yes, they started to get worse about a month ago. Nurse I see, and (you/ take) any medication since then? Patient I went to see a homeopath and he prescribed these pills. Nurse I see. (You/ your mouth wide and say ah? Ah. Nurse Good, can open) and (what/ happen) when you took the pills? Patient This rash appeared. (You/ can see) it on my back? Nurse Yes, I see. SO, (there was) any improvement when you took the pills? Patient No