Joyces Use Of The Stream Of Consciousness English Literature Essay

Joyces Use Of The Stream Of Consciousness English Literature Essay In the modernist era of English Literature many writers brought new writing techniques to the table. One as such was stream of consciousness. In this essay I aim to discuss this technique in relation to James Joyces Ulysses. This essay will explain the term itself and its effects on the reader as well as how it aids the reader of Ulysses. Stream of consciousness is a literary term which is used to describe a writing technique which was coined in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It has been used by modernist authors such as Virginia Woolf and James Joyce. It is a way that the author can get a particular characters point of view across to the reader via their thoughts. This can be done in several ways such as by a loose monologue or as part of their actions. It is a way for important character traits to be portrayed from the inside. It helps the author make it seem to the readers like they are eavesdropping on what is going in the characters mind and seeing their intimate thoughts. In a text to portray stream of consciousness the writing should be neither entirely verbal nor entirely textual. It shows the inner lives of these fictional characters, whether real or imaginary. As Robert Humphrey states it is used to make the reader feel he is in direct contact with the life represented in the book (15). Ulysses is a novel written by James Joyce in 1918. It is one of the most known works of literature from the modernist era. The book is also known for its connections to Homers Odyssey. Some of the characters in Ulysses appear to have their own connections to Homers work, for example there are Leopold Bloom to Odysseus and Molly to Penelope. Ulysses is deemed as one of Joyces greatest achievements and novels, yet it can barely be seen as a novel or proper form of writing. The entirety of the story within Ulysses all takes place throughout one day, the sixteenth of June 1904. During the day mentioned the central characters of Stephen Dedalus and Leopold Bloom explore various events and goings-on in Dublin such as a newspaper office or public houses. Near the beginning of the book Stephen teaches in a school and then he gives a presentation in a National library, throughout the day the story hops around Dublin and it is given mainly from both Blooms view and Stephens view, this is until at the end of the book Molly Bloom finally gets to talk for herself. Throughout the novel the reader never actually gets to hear from Molly Bloom we only get to hear other peoples interpretations of her and of what she does or does not do. She is seen through the interactions she has with Stephen Dedalus and her husband Leopold Bloom. This writing technique that Joyce uses leaves it very hard for the reader to asses the character of Molly and to make up their minds as to whether they like her character or not. This means that in order to fully understand Molly Bloom the reader needs to re-evaluate what they already know of her from Leopold Bloom and put it with what they learn from the eighteenth chapter of the book, Penelope, Mollys soliloquy. One could look at her and simply think of the vulgar parts of her we see in the novel and the physicality that we are shown in her monologue, or one could see her as a relatively out-going woman who has not been feeling loved fully for quite sometime and this also may make the reader re-evaluate Leopold Bloom a s the partner that was unfaithful in his own ways and aided the thus aided the break-down of their marriage. Mollys character in the novel coincides with that of Penelope in Homers Odyssey. They do have differences which must be noted. Penelope is eternally faithful, whereas Molly Bloom is not; she has an affair with Hugh Boylan after years of celibacy in her marriage. In the book it appears that Molly has arranged her life around men and has very few male friends. She enjoys being womanly and being looked at with admiration, even if she doesnt have a very high opinion of the man in question. However beneath al of that she does seem to have a great sense of the truth and this aligns her character with that of Stephen Dedalus. Both of these characters manage to set story-telling and mimicry into their passages and their sense of having roles. It is this which in turn will help Molly to mend in part her relationship with her husband Bloom while looking at the past in the final stages of Ulysses. In the novel James Joyce lets the reader get a proper look at the character of Molly and see her f or who she really is by using the technique of stream of consciousness in the novels last chapter, Penelope, known as Mollys soliloquy. Throughout the novel Molly Blooms character come across as contradictory and changed. She seems to come across very self-centred however she also comes across as being quite generous and considerate. The final chapter is compilation of the thoughts of Molly Bloom. Her monologue contains feelings and information that make the reader look back on their previous idea of Molly and her marriage. Mollys thoughts offer a new perspective to the reader. In the seventeenth chapter of the book Bloom gives a list in sorts of the infidelity of his wife Molly but then in Mollys thoughts this list seems to be fictional and she was not seemingly unfaithful half as much as Leopold tried to make out. From Mollys point of view it seems more like it has been Bloom who has been unfaithful to her more, and this calls his judgement of Molly into question. It is events like this where we see a contradiction in the book over Molly that the reader really gets something out of Joyces use of the stream of consc iousness technique. Getting to look into the thoughts of Molly Bloom help us to define what kind of character she is and the lives of the people around her as we see them from another side rather than just their own. The chapter in itself is formed through eight massive sentences with only two punctuations marks throughout, those being placed at the end of the fourth sentence and the end of the eight and last sentence. The episode both starts and finished with the word yes which Joyce has been know to affiliate with women characters and the ways and bodies of women. This is also noted by writers like Harry Blamires, in his book he says, the sphere has its macrocosmic significance in terms of the female body (233). In the final episode of Joyces novel he uses stream of consciousness which is also seen in the third chapter of his book. It describes the thoughts of Molly, wife of business man Leopold Bloom, as she lies in bed beside him. Through the eight sentences of the chapter Molly Bloom reminisces about a wide range of things, from her past romances and her childhood, to the birth of her daughter and her career. In Mollys second sentence she thinks back on her admirers from the past and present. Her affair with Boylan is especially predominant in this sentence as she has the afternoon just spent and also an upcoming trip to Belfast. It also made her think of the difference between Boylan and Bloom. In an ordinary novel the reader does not always get such a clear cut view of what a particular character is thinking. The way that Joyce writes the novel and the level of though we get from seeing into Mollys thoughts really make everything that much more extreme and definitive. We get to see what she thought of different situations and how she was, I went into 1 of them it was biting cold I couldnt keep it when was that 93 the canal was frozen yes it was a few months after (655). These words in the third sentence of her soliloquy let us see the way she felt at this time. It is different as in a lot of novels you would not usually see how a character feels, you would see that they put on a coat maybe and this would indicate that they were cold but by the stream of consciousness technique that Joyce uses we get to see more than that. In other sentences like her fourth and fifth ones, the reader gets to see into the past of Molly Bloom. As we can see into thoughts and she thinks back on memories of childhood and love letters it is easier for us to get a good picture of Molly and to understand her better as a person rather than as Leopold Blooms cheating wife. We get to see excitement in her character; an admirer he signed it I near jumped out of my skin I wanted to pick him up at the drill (660). The stream of consciousness technique that Joyce uses lets us in so that we dont just see what molly does we see what she thinks and what she was like before she got married. Her life in Gibraltar in the fourth sentence leads swiftly to her daughter and her relationship with her. From the way that Molly describes this in the latter half of the fourth sentence we get the impression that Milly is closer to her father than her mother. Gibraltar itself is mentioned more than once, it also is used in letting us into the past of her love life and the men whom she kissed in Gibraltar. This lets her mind wonder onto these men and how they are getting on at the moment, it also lets her think about what she would have been doing had she not married Leopold Bloom when she did, she wonders could she of been a star. In the seventh sentence Molly lets us into her thoughts about Stephen Dedalus, his son and how she wants him to think of her, she plans to read and make herself look better in the eyes of this man who she has met very little. She finds him smarter, in Blamires book he notes, He offers intelligence combined with sensitivity, glamour and youth (246). She does indeed seem to think of Stephen as more than just a friend and this leads her to the last sentence of the chapter. She wonders about Bloom and how he doesnt touch her, how their marriage is not very intimate and has not been for some time. She remembers her daughter who died at a very young age and this gets her state into a slightly depressing one. She thinks of what would happen if she were to wake Bloom up the next morning and tell him of the affair, she does not know if it would change their relationship for the better or for worse. The use of stream of consciousness by James Joyce in Ulysses shows the influence that memory has in providing the reader with new information. Throughout the Penelope episode, the reader is shown a lot of memories, and this is due to this technique. It is definitely convincing and effective, in that it aids the reader in understanding Molly and how she became who she is at the moment. Stream of Consciousness as a literary technique has not been used by an awful lot of authors, even in the modernist era when it was first noticed. James Joyce successfully portrays this technique and the attributes that come with it. Ones opinion of Molly most certainly may have changed in the reading of that last chapter as we get to see into her thoughts, the book itself, the other seventeen chapters, give us an opinion of Molly. It gave the reader a preconceived notion of her character and this was fixed and replaced by and actual idea of Molly from the stream of consciousness technique in the last c hapter. This essay has looked at stream of consciousness as a technique by itself, it has examined the character of Molly and it has combined the two in an analysis of the final chapter of Ulysses.

Save Water And Save The Future Environmental Sciences Essay

Save Water And Save The Future Environmental Sciences Essay The above mentioned title would look old fashioned and well known but if you look in to this  ­Ã‚ ­issue you would understand how true i am and how serious the issue is? Water is essential for maintaining healthy Environments and for social and economic development. As population increases and development seeks for increased proportions of surface water and ground water for the agriculture industrial sectors and domestic sectors the pressure on water resources intensifies, which leads in excessive pressure on the environment , conflicts among users and tensions. Due to increase in demand and dissipated use and due to continuous increase in the population brought about stress in fresh water resources. Do you believe a fact By 2025, 1 800 million people will be living in countries or regions with absolute water scarcity, and two-thirds of the world population could be under stress conditions. About 20% of the worlds population live in countries where there is a scarcity of water and they are unable to access natural water source. At present 2.6 billion lack access to proper sanitation and 1.1 billion people lack access to safe water. In both developed and developing countries climate change is affecting water resources which may cause different types of diseases. A country with increasing threat to its water supply is known as water stressed. By 2025 about 1800 million people will be living in countries or regions with absolute water scarcity, and two-thirds of the world population could be under stress conditions. Some of the facts to be taken note here and why we have a responsibility to act? 1.70%of the worlds surface is covered by water out of which 97.5% of ihis is salt water. Of the remaining 2.5% that is fresh water 68.7% isfrozen in ice caps and glaciers while only 1% of the total resources on earth are available for human use. 2. On an average a Canadian uses 326 liters a day while a person in Saharan Africa uses about 10-20 liters a day. 3.Out of the discharges that are deign dumped in to the water 90% is from sewage and 70% is from industries polluting the usable water supply . 4. . in developed countries 30% of fresh water supplies are lost due to leakage and the loss may run to a high of 40% to 70% in some cities. 5. Canada controls about 20%of the earths fresh water. Distribution of Earths Water soursource : http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/waterdistribution.html Coming in to the real time scenario I would take one of the major cities like Mumbai that would justify my statement here you can see how water plays an important role day todays human life. Mumbais Water Supply If Mumbai British Administrators has not seriously about the agitation over drinking water problem in 1845 perhaps, would have been as stressed for water as Chennais people are now Like Chennai, Mumbai would also depended on wells and ponds/lakes for its water supply. Due to increase in population ingress of seawater and depletion of ground water sources has been caused in Chennai. Mumbais major water bodies with in the catchment Water resources in Vaitarna River basin and Ulhas River basins have been identified as there will be an increase in population in the coming years. take the. The plan for Middle Vaitarna is at an advanced stage and a dam will be constructed at a cost of Rs1, 250crore to avail 455mld water. Middle Vaitarna, Gargai and Pinjal are gravity sources, whereas the Ulhas river basin sources will need pumping water adding to the cost; 5,108hectares will be submerged, while people of 19 villages will be affected. Before Independence, Tansa was the major source which runs along Bombay-Agra road. After independence, water supply to Malabar Hill Reservoir and Bhandarwada Reservoir increased as a tunnel was built between vaitarana and tansa, while the remaining areas are served from the major water bodies. Domestic Water Consumption Shows the average requirement of water in terms of litres per consumer per day lpcd Purpose Maximum Average Minimum Drinking,cookingdish washing 50 40 30 Bathing 50 25 15 Toilet flushing 50 40 30 Washing clothes 50 20 15 Cleaning Gardening 25 10 Car washing 5 TOTAL 230 135 90 Source : http://www.bcpt.org.in/webadmin/publications/pubimages/watersupply.pdf Obstacles in the systems There was a problem with the water supply though it was laid successfully due to mismanagement and unaccounted amount of water supply. Moreover, metering errors, low tax rates, billing mistakes and low recovery rate burden the system. Also, incentives should be offered through rebates on advanced payments, conservation practices such as rainwater harvesting and water recycling. Mumbai: Water Tariff Structure Category Water charges (Rs/1000 Litres) Domestic Stand Post BuildingChawls 2.25 3.50 Halls, Hospitals, Playgrounds, Swimming Pools etc 10.50 Industries, Dhobi Ghats, Government Premises, etc. 18.00 Refineries, Airports, Public Sector Undertakings, etc. 25.00 Race course and Hotels 38.00 Sewerage charges are at 60% of water charges source : http://www.bcpt.org.in/webadmin/publications/pubimages/watersupply.pdf There was an increase in population by about 11 millions from 1948 till now, which increased the water supply by five times during these five decades .By 2021there will be a further increase in population by 25 % and potential to supplement water supply is more than double which can be achieved by developing sources in Vaitarna and Ulhas river basins. But these are costly propositions both in human and environmental terms and financially. For Mumbais luxurious need of water, is it fair to displace people from eight villages in Vaitarna and 19 villages in Ulhas river basins and submerge some 9,000hectares of fertile land as well as cause environmental degradation? Instead, can we look at alternatives Water is highly vulnerable to air, ground and land water pollution , not only in the form of diffuse source pollution, but also point source ,waste disposal to air or soil in a variety of forms, such as effluent irrigation, dumping, mining wastes or gaseous emissions. Major pressures on water use Growing population, urbanisation, deforestation, global warming, climatic changes, pollution, rapid industrialisation, droughts and floods are some reasons of the increased pressure on the existing water bodies. Then, there are other factors like poor management of water supply, unending exploitation of resources, massive wastage etc. Population expansion is the single biggest reason behind the increased pressure on fresh water resources Industrial and agriculture-related pollution is another prime contributor. Millions of tons of waste are being disposed everyday into the lakes, rivers and streams polluting whatever little water we have, making them unfit for human consumption. The growing urbanisation has also increased the pressure on our towns and cities, in which around 48 per cent of the worlds population lives, amounting to almost half of the worlds total water consumption. The bhatsa lake which is located in Thane district, is one of the major source of drinking water to Mumbai. In an incident about 700 kg of dead fish were found floating in the lake . Initially the authorities blamed it on local residents for poisoning the lake water to catch fish. But later tests by Mumbai-based Central Institute of Fisheries Education showed high levels of oil and grease effluents in the water. Local residents say the waste oil has been released by Shahpur-based Liberty Oil Mills Ltd. Source : http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/Crisis/Industrial-pollution.htm Report on Mithi River Water Pollution by Klean Environmental Consultants Pvt Ltd. Major Pressures on water quality Water quality will also worsen with increasing water temperatures and pollution levels. The report positions 122 countries based on their ability to improve the situation and quality of their water . Because of the low quantity and quality of its groundwater which is further combined with heavy industrial pollution and poor treatment of wastewater Belgium is considered as worst . It is followed by 1.Morocco,2. India, 3. Jordan ,4. Sudan , 5. Niger, 6. Burkina Faso, 7.Burundi , 8. Central African Republic and 9. Rwanda. The list of countries with the best water quality is lead by Finland followed by 2.Canada, 3. New Zealand , 4. United Kingdom , 5.Japan , 6.Norway, 7. Russian Federation , 8. Republic of Korea , 9.Sweden and 10.France. Problem faced by the poor in gaining access to water is one of the major concerns in water resource management related to increasing population . By pollution of existing water bodies by industries, poor drainage and runoff from the indiscriminate use of fertilizer and pesticides are further aggravating the problem .water has been found to be the second most important income generator after land. These environmental changes have put the rural poor in disadvantaged positions Major health-related environmental concerns also include , A high population density in rural areas leads to degradation and violation of natural habitats, the rate of population increase in urban areas outstrips attempts to improve provisions for water supply and sanitation. After all discussions one can make note there must be proper realistic efforts and remedies to be taken by everyone to prevent this problem Rain Water Harvesting Ground Water Use Earlier, rainwater was the main source of water supply and it was collected in tanks. People used to measure the height of collected rainwater in the tank and accordingly decide how much to draw from it to make it last over the year now, with piped water supply, this traditional way of conservation of water has been forgotten. Mumbai was blessed with number of tanks like Mumba Devi, Manamala, Babula, Govalia, Gilder, Banganga, etc. Old methods of rainwater harvesting are restored  ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­, perhaps, there will be no need for future water supply schemes on Vaitarna and Ulhas river basins. There are many other benefits from rainwater harvesting. The groundwater table will rise, water quality will improve, salinity in water will reduce, cracks in the buildings will be minimised, etc. Rainwater harvesting by capturing runoff from the rooftops / terraces and surrounding surface water will not only increase ground water recharge and stop ingress of sea water but will get Mumbai out of its monsoon floods problem. Water harvesting in Mumbai will reduce storm water discharge as well as reduce the load of sewerage treatment, thus controlling the dreadful monsoon floods. Rainwater can be stored in tanks or can be recharged into the groundwater. Desalination Mumbai can make use of abundant availability of seawater, desalinate for potable water and thus, augment water supply instead of going in for complex method of constructing dams reservoirs and supporting that system Water Recycling About 80% of distributed water is discharged as wastewater. If a part of wastewater is treated and re-used, it can cover the projected demand deficiency An example of water recycling can be seen at Chatrapati Shivaji Terminus of the Central Railway which set up a water recycling plant of 0.2million capacity in 1999 at a cost of Rs24lakh The used water is collected and treated for cleaning concrete aprons of the railway platforms thus saving potable water. Water Conservation About 71% of the earths surface is covered with water but 97% of this is seawater, 2% is locked in polar ice caps and glaciers and hardly 1% of water is available as freshwater. Hence, we need to conserve every drop of water. We have got to develop the habit of using less water and stopping wasteful and luxurious use of water Ideally, therefore, the housing complexes should have proper rain water harvesting system and draw groundwater for non-drinking purposes. Even if water from bore-wells is used for toilet flushing (50lpcd) and cleaning (10lpcd), the load on the piped water supply will come down to 50%. This means that the same piped water supply will be sufficient for double the population. Recycling of the water used for washing is possible by re-using it for watering the garden, further bringing down the load on the overworked system. Desalination of sea water will obliterate the need to set up newer projects that require transporting water from 100km at a high capital cost; it will also make that resource available to other needy water scarce areas.

William Shakespeares Macbeth Essay example -- Shakespeare Witches Mac

The Witches or Weird Sisters play a major role in the brilliant tragedy Macbeth by William Shakespeare. The role of the Weird Sisters represents that equivocal evil in the nature of things which helps to deceive the human will. They are not mere witches although they have some of the powers of witches. Even though they were produced by nature, they share with angels a freedom from limitation of space and time, a power to perceive the causes of things, and to see some distance into human minds (Kermode 1309). The Witches have malicious intentions and prophetic powers that entice Macbeth and captivate his mind. Although they have no power to compel Macbeth, the Witches appeal to Macbeth’s desires, eventually leading him to his tragic end.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The most obvious interpretation of the Witches is to see them as manifestations of evil in the world. They exist to tempt and torment people, to challenge their faith in themselves and their society. The Weird Sisters work on Macbeth by equivocation, that is, by ambiguous promises of some future state. These promises come true, but not in the way that the victim originally believed. The Witches have no power to compel belief, but they can obviously appeal strongly to an already existing inclination to force a person’s will onto events to shape the future to fit deepest desires (Corson 224-229).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At the beginning of Macbeth, there is no interpretation of the meaning of the storm. Dimly the audience is aware of the ongoing war, but Hecate creates an infernal trinity. Lightning, thunder, and rain all whirl into existence the three hideous curses upon humanity, the three Weird Sisters (Walker 146). 1Witch: â€Å"When shall we three meet again? In thunder, lightning, or in rain?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2Witch: When the hurly-burly’s done,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When the battle’s lost and won.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3Witch: That will be ere the set of sun.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1Witch: Where the place?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2Witch: Upon the heath.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3Witch: There to meet with Macbeth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1Witch: I come, Graymalkin   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2Witch: Paddock calls   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3Witch:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Anon!   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   All: Fair is foul, and foul is fair.† Hover through the fog and filthy air.†(I.i.1-10). These creepers of darkness that guide the Witches invoke the evil that eventually destroys Macbeth. Graymalkin, the night-se... ...er come. â€Å"That will never be,†(IV.i.93), he replies, as the Witches listen and laugh in silence knowing they have defeated Macbeth by encouraging equivocations.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Witches are gleeful over their victim whose eyeballs have been seared by what has been shown to him. The First Witch says: â€Å"Come, sisters, cheer we up his sprites,/And show the best of our delights:/ I’ll charm the air to give a sound,/While you perform your antic round,/That this great king may kindly say/Our duties did his welcome pay.†(IV.i.125-130). This expresses implicitly all that has been set forth in regard to the relations of the Witches to Macbeth. He is the first to welcome them as guest to his bosom, and they do their duty by him as agents of the devil (Corson 242).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although the witches have no power to compel Macbeth, they appealed to what he has previously desired, eventually leading him to his tragic end. They have originated nothing within him. They have but harped upon what was already evil and stimulated these thoughts into acts (Corson 242). In his last scene, the Witches urge him on by more flattering equivocations, each turning false, luring Macbeth to an evil end.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Should The Internet Be Trusted? :: Website Internet Essays

Should The Internet Be Trusted? The Internet has become more and more of a favorite place for students to go when searching for sources to use in research papers. This is mostly because of the wide and relatively simple access that the Internet provides to all kinds of information. Why get up and travel all the way to the library when it is so much easier to open a browser window and head to Google? While the Internet can be a wonderful source, and is definitely a fairly new, unique, and versatile way of sharing information, not everything one finds on the free area of the Internet can be trusted. Literally anyone with an Internet connection can put up a webpage in a matter of minutes that would be capable of fooling the unwary Internet surfer. It is crucial when looking for valid sources on the free Internet to look carefully for the purpose of the page, the author(s) of the page, and the institution that backs or produces the page, if any. One quick way to check the purpose of a webpage is to look for any obvious ads. A webpage that is obviously trying to sell you something is not as likely to be a scholarly webpage. Runway.net has a multitude of ads right on its front page (Cousins homepage). Its purpose is clearly at least partially to sell you something, in this particular case the services of the webmasters in the area of web design. â€Å"Linguistic Diversity on the Internet† simply has functional menus leading to the information being presented (Jones homepage). There are no ads and not even any bright, flashy graphics. This article heads straight for the information in a professional manner, lending it a more scholarly feel. While prominently featured ads on a webpage do not necessarily mean that the webpage is a bad source, it should certainly be a cause for a deeper look into the merits of the page. Another good way to determine if a webpage is a useful source is to investigate the author or authors of the page. If no information at all is listed for the author, the page is useless because its authenticity can not be verified. The authors of Runway.net give no convincing credentials of any kind (Cousins About Us). While they do list their names, contacts, and some information about their background, there is no way to confirm that any of this information is true.

Theories of Social Ecology Essays -- Social Ecology

All three theories by Heidegger, Bookchin, and Naess are based on the normative assumption: humans perceived themselves as being distinct from a world that unites both humans and non-humans. To better understand the distinguishments that each author makes in his theory, I will reconstruct each of their assumption. After that, we will explore the rational fashioning of integrative ways and the problems that it raises. In conclusion, there may be a reiteration of the assumption in our effort to act ethically according to the ecosystem. Heidegger’s theory orbits around the idea that humans are mortal stewards of things on the earth. He believes that humans should consider and respect non-human life forms as part of this comprehensive world in all dimensions of earth, sky, divinities, and their roles in their relative locations. In the same manner, non-humans share an undiscriminating relationship closely knit together in a network by their functions and bestowals. Because of this proximity, human’s stewardship should not promote egocentricity or superiority over non-human items. This responsibility does not seek selfish coercion, but deferential regards to such items in order to bring forth diversity and life. His assumption here implies that humans are like tenants responsible to take care of the rest of the earth as a shared home for all living things. Along with this heuristic, Heidegger supports the saving, preserving, dwelling, building, and integrating of our daily lives with respect to the whole earth. Similarly, Bookchin believes in a respectful co-evolving community of life on earth. His theory of social ecology characterized humans as citizens of a community. Although he does not press on equality like Naess does in... ... life for all or do we seek to use our power and values to dominate? If our treatment of our own kind is considered unjust, consider how our treatment of non-human life forms must be. As I have mentioned earlier, the consequences of our actions and values may be backfired at us and passed to future generations. Perhaps we are ignorant towards the outcome of the transformation we impose on non-human life or perhaps we are, unfortunately, ignorant towards the destruction of our own flourishing of life. Work Cited Sessions, George. â€Å"Arne Naess: The Deep Ecological Movement.† Deep Ecology for the 21st Century. Ed. George Sessions. Boston: Shambhala Publication, Inc., 1995. 64-84. Print. Sessions, George. â€Å"Arne Naess: The Eight Points Revisited.† Deep Ecology for the 21st Century. Ed. George Sessions. Boston: Shambhala Publication, Inc., 1995. 213-221. Print.

Evaluate the Relative Importance of Domestic and Foreign Affairs in Shaping American Politics in the 1790’s

Evaluate the relative importance of domestic and foreign affairs in shaping American politics in the 1790's The American politics and policy were shaped by both domestic and foreign affairs during the 1790’s, though most of the influence came from domestic affairs. During the run of President Washington, Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton faced off because of their opposing views of what the government should be like. Hamilton wanted to shape new policies that would improve the economy, but Jefferson felt that one must adhere to anything that the constitution said; strict construction compared to Hamilton’s loose construction. Also, foreign affairs, such as new policies appearing due to the French Revolution and conflicts with Spain became a driving force for shaping American politics. It became very apparent that these affairs had been factors for America’s political success. When Washington was elected as the President in the 1790’s, Alexander Hamilton followed with him. He was soon an influence in most to all domestic affairs, and he used his role as Secretary of Treasury to put in place any plan that he felt was necessary, even if it was controversial. The positive of his plans were that they repaid the debt the United States had collected, but they caused great tension between the North and South. His plan to form a national bank did not sit well with the citizens in America, and it fared even worse with the government leaders. This event seems to be the defining moment that began a split-party government. These two new parties that arose were the Federalist and the Jeffersonian Republicans. They each had different views concerning the Constitution; the Federalist, like Alexander Hamilton, taking the loose construction, and the Jeffersonian Republicans, like Thomas Jefferson, taking the strict construction. The economic changes that were put into place by Hamilton caused many rebellions by the American citizens, and made the government learn the most effective ways to enforce their power of them. This gave the government confidence in their ability to handle their people better than they had years earlier, and they were able to assert their dominance in other forms. The United States domestic affairs escalated as more threatening foreign affairs were on the horizon. The beginning and duration of the French Revolution caused much turmoil in France, but it soon began to affect the United States as well. Tensions between France and America grew so much that war could very well be in the future. Jay’s treaty was an attempt to reconstruct the relationship between the two countries, but along with the XYZ affair, it was also unsuccessful and made the issues even worse. John Adams was now President, and in trying to fix foreign and domestic affairs, institutionalized the Alien and Sedition Acts. This had a great affect on the on foreign and domestic affairs, because the government was now able to determine to position of people in their society. This new act led to the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, which were domestic affairs that stated the nullification of such laws as the Alien and Sedition Acts was necessary and recommended because it was unconstitutional. The foreign affairs that were taking place between America and Spain were also affecting the politics in America. The Treaty of Sal Lorenzo gave America absolute enforcement of the boundaries and it gave them access to the Mississippi River. These foreign affairs helped to affect the American politics in that time, and for future generations. Foreign affairs such as policies coming about due to the French Revolution and a strained relationship with Spain affected the shaping of American politics, but domestic affairs seem to have affected them more. The conflicts between Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton caused many changes in America that are still in place today, and their conflicts are ones that our two parties still face. Though, the government has had much experience in dealing with these problems, and now they can be handled differently than they were in the past.

Complexity of Poetry Essay

Poetry is a way for the reader to openly interpret a poem in almost any way they see fit. Because there is so much freedom of interpretation with poetry, there leaves a lot of room for discussion and opposition. Billy Collin’s poem, â€Å"Introduction to Poetry†, breaks down the basic ways for interpreting and understanding a poem. In summary, he explains that the reader cannot focus on trying to figure out one specific meaning of a poem, but instead, try to piece together small parts to understand a deeper meaning. Collin’s rules on how to interpret a poem can be applied to Hughes’s poem about a young student writing a poem for homework. Instead of looking at Hughes’s poem as a whole, the reader can better understand it by breaking it down and figuring out why each line is important and how it ties together with the poem as a whole. Understanding Collins rules to interpret a poem, help the reader decipher Hughes poem on a deeper, more academic level. Langston Hughes’s poem explains how a black, twenty two year old man and the rest of his white classmates are given an assignment to write a paper. The narrator, who is also the student, explains his thoughts about the assignment and how him being the only colored one in his class might be reflected on his grade on the assignment. At the beginning of the poem, he explains how he has to get to class everyday by traveling across some of the â€Å"better† parts of town. The student goes on to explain how even though he is colored, he likes the same things and has the same wants as everyone else. He states that he is no different than the rest of his class and that he too has knowledge to share. By stating this, the student is expressing to the reader how he thinks him and the instructor are equal. In the last few lines the student writes, â€Å"As I learn from you, / I guess you learn from me† (37-38). This explains how even though their skin color and age is different they are still able to learn from each other. The student has a somewhat optimistic and confident tone throughout the poem. He is aware of his capabilities and knows that he can be just as successful as anyone else. Billy Collins â€Å"Introduction to Poetry† explains how whenever people analyze a poem they do not try to find the true message of it. By writing, â€Å"But all they want to do / is tie the poem to a chair with rope / and torture a confession out of it,† explains how the majority of people are lazy and want everything handed to them effortlessly (12-14). This last stanza explains how some people look at poems from one point of view and expect the meaning of the poem to be written out for them. The author is stating that people should look at the poem from different angles just as one would look at the world from a color slide. He tries to explain to the reader that if one were to interpret the poem from a whole new approach, then they could find a deeper meaning than just the surface meaning. After reading Collins â€Å"Introduction to Poetry†, the reader should have a better sense of how to interpret Hughes’s poem. Throughout the first part of Hughes’s poem the reader may think all of the characters background information including his address, age, and hometown is pointless. After reading an entire stanza about this â€Å"pointless† information the reader may try to stop understanding the poem before they even finish it. If the reader uses Collins instructions about analyzing a poem, they may find that all of this â€Å"pointless† information is actually important and helps contribute to the characters feelings of insecurity. Collins poem explains that not all poems have one specific answer or meaning the writer is trying to get across. Keeping this idea in mind, the reader may realize that Hughes’s poem, in fact, does not state an answer or solution to the characters mixed feelings. Although both of these poems leave room the readers own special interpretation, there is a basic meaning and idea to each one. Both of these poems fit well together because Collin’s thoughts and ideas can be directly applied when reading Hughes’s poem. The poems are an effective example of how even though a poem may seem short and simple, there is usually a deeper and greater meaning beneath the surface.